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Based on the observation of the flat rotation of some galaxies, and on the acceptance of Inflation Theory that requires the mass of the Universe to be many times greater than that of all of the visible galaxies, many astronomers and cosmologists have accepted that the universe is filled with something called dark matter that is responsible for the flat rotation of those galaxies. However, there is considerable astronomical evidence that denies the presence of that dark matter and supports an alternate cause of flat rotation.

The sun looses millions ot tons of mass every second in the form ot radiation and solar wind. The same is true of hundreds of billions of stars in all galaxies. Galactic matter and energy also are ejected by other phenomena. Thus galaxies, as well as stars, gradually die. Radiation leaves at c, and much of the matter is ejected at above escape velocity. Most of both goes into intergalactic space. There it accumulates in 'clouds' from which new galaxies form in a vast, non-expanding, recycling universe. (The necessary accretion of matter in a rapidly expanding universe is impossible.) Hydrogen needed for new stars is largely absent in the ejected matter. However, either hydrogen, its component particles, or the energy from which they are formed, is abundant in space. The ejected matter that surrounds galaxies in an approximately inverse square distribution provides the dark matter that flattens the rotation curves of galaxies. Radiation throughout the spectrum is produced in the star-forming process, some at which is thermalized by that matter, resulting in the observed microwave spectrum. Either that matter, hydrogen or its components provide the 'ether' that results, in tired light Compton scattered redshift Our recycling universe depends on neither relativity, nor on quantum theory in its present imperfect form.

Cosmological theorists have overlooked an important aspect of the universe, that' of the dispersal of matter and energy from galaxies into interstellar space. This paper reports on an attempt to give that phenomenon proper consideration. That effort has resulted in a new cycling universe cosmology. That universe, of great of age, provides an explanation for such things as the excess mass in the vicinity of galaxies, the nature of dark matter and, if the universe truly is expanding, its cause is the galactic wind. As background, as a point of departure, and to provide a comparison to these new ideas, a discussion of the problems of Big Bang Theory is also presented.

There have been recent reports of flares at speeds of about 0.9 emanating in opposite directions from a small black hole or quasar within our galaxy. A quirk of geometry causes such flares to appear to be super1uminal.

These reports might encourage the investigation of pairs of such flares associated with very distant quasars, thus opening the possibility of solving possible problems regarding the accepted interpretation of red shift data from distant bodies.

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR), in the form of infrared photons is believed to originate from the big bang (BB) decoupling, to be red shifted by about 1,000, and received from all directions of space as microwave background radiation (MBR). Neutrinos are also said to originate from the BB but at a much earlier time. They, like the MBR, are believed to "flood" the space that surrounds us. According to quantum wave theory, although BB neutrinos are particles rather than EMR, they are considered to have a red shift much greater than that of BB photons, resulting in their extremely low energy level. An explanation for the lack of their detection is thereby provided. However, the application of wave theory to neutrinos, but not to other particles originating from the BB, presents a logical inconsistency.