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The electric dipole moment of a pair of virtual particles (a PVP), particle-antiparticle, produced in the physical vacuum by an electron, is discussed. The emergence of superconductivity in a medium can be attributed to the formation of pairs of electrons with the total electric dipole moment of the PVPs produced by the electrons in such a pair being less than a certain critical value. In this case the medium viscosity will decrease due to the disappearance of the electric dipole interaction of pairs of the electrons. It is supposed that the Cooper pairs in superconductors are such pairs. An equation is derived which establishes a relationship between the critical value of magnetic field strength and the temperature of the superconductor. The role of the electric dipole interaction of the PVPs in the Cooper pairing is discussed.

The electric dipole moment of a particle-antiparticle pair of virtual particles (PVP) produced in the physical vacuum by a real particle is discussed. Accounting for the electric dipole moment of the PVP produced by an atomic electron permits one to explain some properties of the atom. For example, the force acting on the PVP in the electric field of the nucleus can balance the radiation reaction force acting on the electron; the moment acting on the PVP in the electric field of the nucleus explains the Coulomb spin-orbit interaction. The emergence of superconductivity/superfluidity in a medium can be attributed to formation of pairs of real particles, the bound particles, with zero total electric dipole moment of the PVP?s produced by the particles. In this case, the medium viscosity will decrease due to disappearance of the electric dipole interaction of pairs of bound particles. The possibility of annihilation of the PVP?s produced by real bound particles is examined, the emergence of the ?mass defect? of a bound particle being a consequence of the annihilation.

The possibility of developing the theory of light within the framework of three-dimensional Euclidean space with time independent of the spatial coordinates is substantiated. The new physical concept that allows for creating a theory alternative to special relativity is a notion of the photon as a complex object with intrinsic motions whose energy has to be taken into account in applying conservation laws to the detection of the photon. It is shown that by having rejected the principle of ?universal' relativity it is possible to derive the experimentally proven formulas describing both longitudinal and transverse Doppler effects, and the formula for propagation of light in a moving medium.

The postulates of special relativity ascribe to light certain kinematic properties that are independent of the reference frame, provided the frame is inertial. As is known, the quantum concepts, not classical ones, are applicable to light in the general case. In studies of quantum objects (the photon or field of light), the role of the physical frame of reference as well as the role of measurement is especially important. In this case, the frame of reference is practically inseparable from the concrete physical laboratory where measurement takes place.

Ascribing of a priori properties to light is inconsistent, for example, with the experiments of the EPR type, in which a quantum correlation between the measured characteristics of photon, such as frequency, polarization, etc., is observed. How can one, for example, use the relativistic Doppler formula for calculation of the frequency of a photon out of a pair of frequency-correlated photons!? The experiments of the EPR type prove that one may speak for certain of those properties of light only that have been revealed at measurement. From this viewpoint, there is sense to discuss only the readings of measurement instruments.

We show using the Fizeau and Doppler effects that if interaction between light (photons) and the detector is taken into account the experimentally proven kinematics formulas of special relativity can be derived in the framework of three-dimensional Euclidean space with time independent of the spatial coordinates. Notice that those formulas refer to the main conclusions from relativistic kinematics that have been confirmed experimentally.

The new physical concept that allows for creating a theory alternative to special relativity is a notion of the photon as a complex object with intrinsic motions whose energy has to be taken into account in the conservation laws at the detection of the photon. We obtained the formula for the transformation of the energy of photon from one inertial (in the sense of Galileo) frame to another one. According to the formula, the energy of a circularly polarized photon is transformed in accordance with the same equation as the energy of the moving material object having intrinsic rotations with respect to the center of mass. It is consistent with the concept of the photon as a quasi-particle in the physical vacuum, having the mass of the motion and angular momentum.

The nature of light being a subject of intensive research and speculation over the centuries still remains a "dark" issue of modern physics. It has been established that light transfers energy from the source to the receiver by discrete portions, the quanta. However, there is no unified point of view on the nature of the material carrier of the light quantum, that is, the photon. There are several types of photon used in descriptions of the experiments that demonstrate quantum optical effects. The difference in usage of the term "photon" reflects the difference in interpretation of the results of such experiments.

Among quantum optical effects the so-called "essentially quantum effects" that have no classical analogues are worth special mentioning. Such effects cannot be described in the framework of the semi-classical model based on the Maxwell equations, and quantum models are used to describe the effects.