Member

In the universe, all matter that matters consists of elemental atoms. We can "see" most elements, but not their atoms. All elements are different from one another as are their atoms. The intrinsic energy of each element decays as it ages, some of which is stored as potential energy by converting to additional mass within the existing element and the rest to entropy that heats the elemental mass. The same elements that form a celestial body grow and heat in situ. Growing matter expands volumes and orbits. The "mechanism" for growing matter is the identical mechanism found in Einstein's energy conversion equation E = mc^2 except on a micro scale.

The Ionization Potentials (IP) of NBS-34 provides the data for finding a rate of energy decay that determines when elements can potentially join other elements and when they are growing and when they are heating. A heating period is the anomaly where a small incremental jump between the IPs of an element suddenly becomes a large jump. Establishing a rate of decay for the earth, the sun, and the moon enables finding the time when accelerating expansion began on each.

The sun is currently growing three times faster than the Earth. When accelerating expansion started on Earth around 200 MYA, the sun was minimally growing between 203 and 112 million years ago. This unforeseen 91 million year minimal growing period indicates punctuated expansion amongst the stars.

The ability to detect elements at a distance diminishes with distance. One can detect what is in the sunlight of a star from breaking down its spectrum; however, we are not able to normally see light reflecting off a planet's atmosphere.

Growing Matter at different times on different celestial bodies presents a challenging problem for those trying to sort out how the universe works.

The energy of the universe (as contained within the elements) is declining as it ages, some of which is being stored as potential energy by converting to mass within the existing elements and the rest to an entropy that heats the elemental mass:

E (energy) <===> m (mass) or E ----> ɛ (entropy - heat and temperature).

Energy and mass can neither be created nor destroyed but are interconvertible. The flow of heat is from warmer to cooler and irreversible. In an open system, heat flows toward the empty space of the colder universe. Heat, unable to reverse flow, indicates it is not reverting to energy but causing the entropy of the universe to increase. The temperature of the universe (~2.7 Kelvin) appears low because space is expanding much faster than the heat produced by the stars and elsewhere. Space is the container of entropy. Time is non-linear when space is expanding.

On Earth, the declining energy of eight elements (O, Fe, Si, Mg, S, Al, Ni and Ca) as exemplified by their ionization properties, is responsible for accumulating sufficient mass to double Earth's radius at least twice in the past billion years. Before that time, the energy converting to entropy from the same elements internally heated a near absolute zero planet for several billion years, cooling to a core, mantle, and crust. Afterwards, it provided sufficient heat to maintain a temperate environment to support life while exponentially growing to its present size. Ionization is responsible for oxygen becoming water and doubling in volume several times to incrementally fill the expanding ocean beds shown on the NOAA map, Age of the Ocean Floors.

Ionization is presented as a feasible mechanism for expanding and heating Earth and the other planets in the universe.

The energy of the universe (as contained within the elements) is declining as it ages, some of which is being stored as potential energy by converting to mass within the existing elements and the rest to an entropy that heats the elemental mass: E (energy) <—-> m (mass) or E —-> ÉZ (entropy - heat and temperature). ˙ Energy and mass can neither be created nor destroyed but are interconvertible. The flow of heat is from warmer to cooler and irreversible. In a closed system, heat flows toward the empty space of the colder universe. Heat, unable to reverse flow, indicates it is not reverting to energy but causing the entropy of the universe to increase. The temperature of the universe ( 2.7 Kelvin) appears low because space is expanding much faster than the heat produced by the stars and elsewhere. Space is the container of entropy. Time is non-linear when space is expanding. On Earth, the declining energy of eight elements (O, Fe, Si, Mg, S, Al, Ni and Ca) as exemplified by their ionization properties, is responsible for accumulating sufficient mass to double Earth’s radius at least twice in the past billion years. Before that time, the energy converting to entropy from the same elements internally heated a near absolute zero planet for several billion years, cooling to a core, mantle, and crust. Afterwards, it provided sufficient heat to maintain a temperate environment to support life while exponentially growing to its present size. Ionization is responsible for oxygen becoming water and doubling in volume several times to incrementally fill the expanding ocean beds shown on the NOAA map, Age of the Ocean Floors. Ionization is presented as a feasible mechanism for expanding and heating Earth and the other planets in the universe.