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The theory of the object known in general relativity as a Black Hole is not fully worked out and remains a source of various controversies. This paper shows that true black holes do not exist in nature due to forces that prevent the formation of singularities and event horizons. A reconstruction of the derivation of the Einstein field equations of general relativity shows that a force causes a phase-change transition from matter to energy near the Planck scale. The energy produced by the phase-change is Degenerate Angular Momentum. Degenerate because the location of the phase-change occurs at the bottom of a deep gravitational well prior to the formation of a singularity. We show that this phase-change connects our positive energy universe to an all pervasive negative energy field (the BEC)which consists only of negative energy epos (mass less electron/positron pairs). Degenerate Angular Momentum is the force which draws negative energy epos into our reality which ultimately results in the formation of gas, dust, stars, and other structures throughout the universe.

The theory of the object known in general relativity as a Black Hole is not fully worked out and remains a source of various controversies. This paper shows that true black holes do not exist in nature due to forces that prevent the formation of singularities and event horizons. A reconstruction of the derivation of the Einstein field equations of general relativity shows that a force causes a phase-change transition from matter to energy near the Planck scale. This phase-change is the cause of an ejection process from the nuclear region of galaxies and ultimately results in the formation of gas, dust, stars, and other structures throughout the Universe.

This paper questions the current paradigm of Structure Formation in the Early Big Bang Universe. The existing, yet unbelievable, paradigm requires a universal volume of hot, expanding, homogeneous, and isotropic gas consisting of only hydrogen, helium, and radiation (with minute amounts of deuterium and lithium) to have formed countless numbers of galaxies within 100 million years of the decoupling of matter from radiation. Some of the Ultra Deep field galaxies appear to be 10 billion years older than the age of the early Big Bang itself. We show observational and experimental evidence for a non-expanding universe in which structure formation of stars, galaxies, quasars, elements, gas, dust etc. is a replicating process. It is: a process of structure formation (birth) from the inside out, rather than collapse from the outside in. It is a universe in which the laws of conservation and causality are not violated; a universe in which action at a distance and the cause of gravitation are explained and unification of the four forces is achieved; a negative and positive energy universe far removed from the old, obsolete, sick, bandaged, and dying Big Bang.

The decoupling of matter from radiation occurred about 380 million years after the start of the Big Bang at a temperature of about 3500 degrees K. At some time after the decoupling of matter from radiation, the Big Bang consisted of a hot, expanding, homogeneous, and isotropic volume of space containing only Hydrogen and Helium, with no dust. Nothing. No stars, no black holes, no galaxies, nothing, except Hydrogen and Helium. In such an environment there is absolutely no way to initiate gravitational collapse of the gas to form structures. However, the Hubble Deep Field photographs show galaxies and clusters of galaxies that have already formed just 400 million years after decoupling. Now we have the Hubble Ultra Deep Field photographs that show galaxies and clusters of galaxies that are already formed just 200 million years after decoupling and it is thought that the actual formation took place about 100 million years after decoupling. What logical conclusion can be derived from the Hubble Deep Fields?

This paper is aka "Structure Formation in the Early Universe and the Hubble Deep Fields".

This paper offers a new theory of structure formation in the Universe at the quantum level, supported by observational astronomy.  We do not rely on any form of Big Bang Cosmology to solve the following Big Bang problems:  Element Formation, Structure Formation (Dust, Planets, Stars, Galaxies, Quasars), Formation of the Solar System, Age of the Universe, Universe/Globular Cluster Ages, Age of the Oldest Structures, Quasars and the Hubble Deep Field, Super-luminal Motion, One Sidedness of Quasar Jets, Redshift Distance Relation, Time Quantization, Redshift Quantization, Excess Redshifts of Companion Galaxies, Microwave Background Radiation Temperature, 0.02 Not consistent with Mass Density, Missing Mass, Requirement for a Cosmological Constant, Black Holes and Singularities, Expansion, Inflation, Speed of Gravity, Open or Closed Universe, Hubble Constant.