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It was Rene Descartes, the French Mathematician and Philosopher who, perhaps for the first time in a scientific sense, assigned a reality to the medium of space as a property-less fluid-entity, already known at that time as ether. According to Descartes, large cosmic ether vortices existed throughout the universe. One such vortex carried the planets around the sun, and countless smaller vortices aggregated into different sizes of universal matter, filling the whole of space. He explained gravity by the pressure and impact of ether on bodies; and framed the principles of the inertial tendencies of matter for straight line motion based on the property of the fluidity of a space-substratum filled with ether vortices. The transmission of the then known magnetic forces and the force of gravity between the earth and the planetary bodies found explanations in Cartesian philosophy with physical contacts between the interacting entities mediated by the intervening ether. The theory of Descartes at that time was the most convincing natural philosophy and was based on a single dynamic ether as the only reality of the universe. The theory remained in acceptance for almost a century after publication of Newton's Principia...

Scientific debates on the nature of space (absolute vaccum) around the start of this century took a general view that space serves to transmit fields (electromagnetic, gravitational) and, beyond that, it has no independent existence of its own as an entity that can generate energy in some form which enables it to be termed as a "real" physical entity.  In other words, the generally accepted position then taken was that space is an empty extension of "nothingness" without any physical attributes in which fields are somehow transmitted at enormous speed. Many refutations to the above view both experimental and theoretical, and claims on the existence of either, that is, space with physical attributes, could not provide an alternate theory so as to change the widely accepted position of non-physical nature of space.

Recent experiments performed for generation of electric power through a machine operating on new basic principles have shown that an output power greater than input can be generated. It is shown in this paper that the origin of additional power is from absolute vacuum which can be rotated to produce electric charge. The computation of energy in the rotating vacuum has been done with the use of new fundamental relationships on electron's charge and electron's rest-mass derived from electron structure in author's works that discuss dynamics of vacuum and show interrelationships of space (absolute vacuum), energy and electron.

(Editor's note... The following patent application is for an "over-unity" electrical generation device. The patent applicant acknowledges the work of Adam Trombly and Joseph Kahn, of the ACME Energy Company in San Rafael California, On a "Closed Path Homopolar Machine, " and the critique of that work by Bruce DePalma, of Santa Barbara, California. MAGNETS will feature the Trombly-Kahn work and critique in a later issue. At this time we believe the math represented in Paramahamsa Tewari's patent application speaks for itself, to those lObo understand math, and we are simply reprinting the application data for our reader's benefit.)