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What would happen if two particles went through the interferometer of the Michelson-Morley experiment? If the particles left the source simultaneously with the same velocity, would they arrive at the detector at the same time? If the interferometer was changed to the interferometer of the Kennedy-Thorndike experiment, would there always be a constant difference in time between the particles at the detector? The answers are yes if the particles are ideal and move according to Newton?s Laws of Motion. If the particles are ideal, Newton?s Laws of Motion allow the derivation of equations that predict the outcome of a collision. These equations, when applied to the movement of the particles through the interferometer, produce results that agree with the outcomes of the above experiments. As these experiments originally used light, these results allow the possibility that the experiments can be explained by the particle nature of light. The conclusion is that the particle nature of light needs closer investigation.

If an object emits particles towards a receiving object, the reception frequency of the particles will differ from the emission frequency if the two objects are moving relative to each other. For example, if the two objects are moving towards each other, the reception frequency will be greater than the emission frequency. Although the frequency of particles differs between the two objects, the distance between the particles is the same with respect to either object. Also, if the objects are not moving directly towards or away from each other, the reception angle differs from the emission angle. At the perpendicular reception angle, the change in frequency between the emitter and receiver matches the transverse Doppler shift derived from the Theory of Special Relativity. This implies that it is possible to explain the transverse Doppler effect by the use of particles. Hence, the transverse Doppler effect does not differentiate between Theory of Special Relativity and a particle explanation; however, the two do differ at other angles. The conclusion is that frequency measurements should be made at other angles to differentiate between the two.