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A physical Geometrical Packing Model for the structure of the atom is developed based on the physical toroidal Ring Model of elementary particles proposed by Bergman. From the physical characteristics of real electrons from experiments by Compton this work derives, using combinatorial geometry, the number of electrons that will pack into the various physical shells about the nucleus in agreement with the observed structure of the Periodic Table of the Elements. The constraints used in the combinatorial geometry derivation are based upon simple but fundamental ring dipole magnet experiments and spherical symmetry. From a magnetic basis the model explains the physical origin of the valence electrons for chemical binding and the reason why the Periodic Table has only seven periods. The Toroidal Model is extended in this article to describe the emission spectra of hydrogen and other atoms. Use is made of some of the authors? standing wave experiments in large toroidal springs. The resulting model accurately predicts the same emission spectral lines as the Quantum Model including the fine structure and hyperfine structure. Moreover it goes beyond the Dirac Quantum Model of the atom to predict 64 new lines or transitions in the extreme ultraviolet emission spectra of hydrogen that have been confirmed by the Extreme Ultraviolet Physics Laboratory at Berkeley from its NASA rocket experiment data.

A physical geometrical packing model for the structure of the atom is developed based on the physical toroidal ring model of elementary particles proposed by Bergman. From the physical characteristics of real electrons from experiments by Compton this work derives, using combinatorial geometry, the number of electrons that will pack into the various physical shells about the nucleus in agreement with the observed structure of the Periodic Table of the Elements.

The constraints used in the combinatorial geometry derivation are based upon Joseph?s simple but fundamental ring dipole magnet experiments and spherical symmetry. From a magnetic basis the model explains the physical origin of the valence electrons for chemical binding and the reason why the periodic table has only seven periods.

The same geometrical packing model is extended to describe the physical geometrical packing of protons and neutrons in the physical shells of the nucleus. It accurately predicts the nuclear ?magic numbers? indicative of nuclear shell structure as well as suggesting the physical origin of the nuclide spin and the liquiddrop features of nuclides.

A physical Geometrical Packing Model for the structure of the atom is developed based on the physical toroidal ring model of elementary particles proposed by Bergman. From the physical characteristics of real electrons from experiments by Compton this work derives, using combinatorial geometry, the number of electrons that will pack into the various physical shells about the nucleus in agreement with the observed structure of the Periodic Table of the Elements.

The constraints used in the combinatorial geometry derivation are based upon Joseph?s simple but fundamental ring dipole magnet experiments and spherical symmetry. From a magnetic basis the model explains the physical origin of the valence electrons for chemical binding and the reason why the periodic table has only seven periods.

The same Geometrical Packing Model is extended to describe the physical geometrical packing of protons and neutrons in the physical shells of the nucleus. It accurately predicts the nuclear ?magic numbers? indicative of nuclear shell structure as well as suggesting the physical origin of the nuclide spin and the liquiddrop features of nuclides.

Weber's force law for real finite-size elastic particles is here derived from the fundamental empirical laws of classical electrodynamics, i.e. Gauss's laws, Amp?re's law, Faraday's law, and Lenz's law, assuming Galilean invariance.  The rearrangement of the elastic charge density within the finite-size moving particle to produce a minimum in potential energy under the stress of induction forces is seen to be the physical origin of so-called ?relativistic effects'.  The derived version of Weber's force law appears to be fully ?relativistic' without any reference to Einstein's special relativity theory.  It satisfies Newton's third law, conservation of energy and Mach's principle.  Furthermore it incorporates finite-size particle effects, such as self-induced fields, which are missing from point- particle theories such as Maxwell's equations, Einstein's special relativity theory, and quantum mechanics.  The most general form of the force law appears capable of describing fully ?relativistic' radiation and radiation-reaction effects as well as many other higher order time derivative effects.  From this derivation it appears that Einstein's special relativity theory, as well as the use of retardation for non-radiation fields in electrodynamics, are not proper physical theories, but rather mathematical theories cleverly contrived to imitate the self-field effects of real finite-size elastic particles to order v in the Galilean transformation.

Reprinted in Galilean Electrodynamics, V14, N1, pp. 3-10 (2003).

A physical, goemetrical packing model for the structure of the atom is developed based on Bergman's new physical model for elementary particles.  [1]  From the physical characteristics of real electrons, this work derives, using combinatorial geometry, the number of electrons that will pack into the various shells about the nucleus in agreement with the observed structure of the Periodic Table of the Elements.  The constraints used in the combinatorial geometry derivation are based upon my fundamental ring dipole magnet experiments and spherical symmetry.  From a magnetic basis, the model explains the physical origin of the valence electrons for chemical binding and the reason why the periodic table has only seven periods.  The same geometrical packing model is extended to describe the physical goemetrical packing of protons and neutrons in the shells of the nucleus.  It accurately predicts the nuclear "magic numbers" indicative of nuclear shell structure as well as suggesting the physical origin of nuclide spin and the liquid drop features of nuclides.

Accelerator scattering experiments have shown that real elementary particles have finite size and and an internal elastic charge distribution. By explicitly wrinting th ethe fundamental laws of electrodynamics in a form showing theself-fileds induced by the motion of real finite size particles, one can obtain the so-called "relativistic effects" normally associated with relativity theory for the fields of the particle at high velocity. These effects are produced by the self fields of the particle changing the shape of the particle from spherical to elliptical. By explicity taking into account the finite size of the proton an dneutron in the nucleus and the electrons bound to it, one can predict the gross structure of the periodic table of the elements using the techniques of combinatorial geomentry to determine how the electrons pack in layers about the nucleus. Thus the theory of electrodynamics for real finite size particles is able to predict results similar to those obtained from the theory of electrodynamics for point particles combined with the theories of quantum mechanics and relativity theory. However, these latter theories rely on assumptions that are unphysical. On the basis of simplicity and the use of assumptions in agreement with reality instead of idealizations, the point particle theory of electrodynamics as embodied in Maxwell's equations, the theory of relativity, and the theory of quantum mechanics should be discarded from science in favor of the theory of electrodynamics of real finite size particles.