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Probable charges are mapped to provide one explanation for lifter forces.

Lifters are devices capable of lifting their own weight. They are a ?modern version? of the Townsend Brown electrokinetic apparatus. The lifters are using the Biefeld-Brown effect to levitate. A basic lifter cell is composed of three Townsend Brown asymmetrical capacitors joined so as to form a triangle assembly. There has been much debate about the cause of the phenomenon.

In spite of earth?s immense size, lightning signature data is shown to have voltage pulses at periods coincident with harmonics of earth?s diameter. This suggests that the earth behaves like a giant dipole antenna. Nikola Tesla concluded this from his studies of lightning electrical wave nodes at Colorado Springs in 1899.

In ESJ 29 (pp. 6-8), Charles Morton described experiments he conducted in which he was getting thrust from a simple LC circuit with a spark gap. Some crude initial experiments were performed in the Electric Spacecraft laboratories to investigate possible causes of the observed thrust and how it might be increased.

NASA?s first Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Workshop took place August 12-14, 1997 at NASA?s Lewis Research Center in Cleveland, OH. It was organized by Marc Millis to survey revolutionary concepts for space travel. An outline of the proceedings and summaries of the papers presented follows.

Twenty-four poster papers were presented to NASA at the Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Workshop, August 12-13, 1997. One paper presented materials submitted by various ESJ networkers pertaining to the use of interactive electrodynamic fields for propulsion. According to one concept, pulsed electrostatic potential waves would be generated and transmitted in longitudinal form from the surface of electrodes. Intense, nonlinear, polarizing waves would thereby extend into the surrounding space, and it is possible that a precision system could pulse, phase and direct them to develop reaction forces on surrounding objects, media and space fields.

The following summarizes ideas presented by Peter Graneau at the Northeast Regional Meeting of the Natural Philosophy Alliance at the University of Connecticut ? Storrs. Sign conventions for energy and forces in electrostatics and electrodynamics present paradoxes which may be resolved with minor changes to classical perspectives.

The following report summarizes an analysis of the magnet plate drop test data provided by Don Kelly. It indicates that significantly slower drop times can be produced by a falling plate being tilted such that one edge will impact first, delaying the time at which the impact switch will be triggered. In addition, there are a number of variables not isolated that could cause widely scattered data. To this extent, the experiment needs to be more tightly controlled. The slower drop times reported by Kelly, as a result do not establish a magnetic-gravitational interaction.

Don Kelly has measured the falling times of flat plates containing various arrangements of magnets. His results indicated that magnetic plates fall mores slowly than nonmagnetic plates. This is a summary by ESJ of the magnet drop experiment results provided by Don Kelly.

Charles A. Yost presents some ideas of how electrostatics might produce propulsion. The only other forces recognized in this paper are those experienced from acceleration and gravity. In other words, this article is limited to the Newtonian forces.

Yost attended two conferences which, combined, covered the wide field known as fringe science ? from overunity devices and Tesla speculations to alien visitation and the paranormal. He has attended such gatherings since 1984, both as a presenter and a spectator. Despite being an engineer and a practitioner of hard science, Yost has been venturing out onto the fringe since he was a teenager. His explorations have encompassed the metaphysical and the spiritual to a degree that has embedded strong positive impressions of this reality. The two conferences reviewed here shared much the same outlook and mindset, but were handled quite differently.

Charles Yost offers excerpts from the 1955 to 1977 lab notebooks of T. Townsend Brown (1905-1985).

ESJ editor, Charles A. Yost, travelled to Denver, Colorado earlier this year to attend the Third International Symposium on New Energy, sponsored by the International Association for New Science. In ESJ 18, brief synopses of his impressions of some of the lectures were presented. In this issue, we summarize selected papers taken from the conference proceedings.

ESJ editor, Charles A. Yost, travelled to Milwaukee, Wisconsin earlier this year to attend the 24th Annual Meeting of the Electrostatics Society of America. This article offers summaries of some of the presentations and general impressions of the conference. The photo above shows attendees asking questions of Glenn Schmieg following his presentation.

Edited abstracts of patents related to electric propulsion are summarized. The report begins with patents grated to T. T. Brown for a gravitro-electric motion machine and ends with a summary of some of the latest vehicle designs for electric space flight. These patents are in the ESJ files.

With the ESJ Forum, we present differing views on a selected topic. The contributors are often far more knowledgeable about the subject than we are at ESJ. But, even the most knowledgeable have different opinions, and we expect the forum to generate much critical argument. It is our hope that by including such diverse views, we will facilitate interactive learning and understanding. In this issue, the discussion centers on commentary about electromagnetics that was sparked by ESJ 18.

Yost examines the discharge from the electrodes of a DSI Wimshurst generator. Schlieren imaging reveals a coherent thread constantly emanating from charged, pointed negative electrodes, and cumulus puffs at the negative electrode upon discharge. Corona effects of different-shaped cathodes and anodes are observed in the dark under a microscope.

Charles A. Yost and Richard A. Ford have developed a 12-inch diameter sectorless Wimshurst generator capable of creating 12-inch sparks. With appropriate rigging, the generator becomes an inexpensive source of very steady, high-voltage current, with many uses for educators and experimenters.

This article describes continued electrostatic experiments using a charged plastic rod, called the ?wiggle wand,? which add to experiments conducted in 1993. This continuation was prompted by a Russian patent application (see article this issue page 20) provided to Yost at the Institute for New Energy?s conference in Denver in May 1994.

The purpose of this article is to clarify the description of the Searl levity disk design as most recently related directly by John R. R. Searl in personal conversations, to the Institute for New Energy (INE) conference audience in Denver, and in his Book 4.

Experiments have been performed with sophisticated laboratory equipment which provide encouraging results in support of a theory that gravity can be regionally modified around an object. These experiments are based upon the theory of Dr. Frederick E. Alzofon. This paper presents a review of the published work of Dr. Alzofon; however, the extensive mathematical derivations of the original papers have not been included.

The possibility that Nikola Tesla may have used high-voltage radio frequencies in conjunction with electrostatic fields to transmit power continues to grow.

Electric field propulsion and efforts to prove that a relationship exists between electric and gravitational fields have not been accomplished. Our interpretations of gravity, mass, electrical charge and the meaning of dimensions need closer investigation if electric field propulsion is to be developed. In this article, the longitudinal electric wave is viewed as a factor necessary for developing field propulsion, and experiments are suggested in order to establish the existence and properties of such a wave.

The following represents formal report information on electrogravitics that has been received by ESJ up to December 1991.

In US Patent #4,663,932, dated May 12, 1987, James E. Cox describes a method for alternating magnetic and electric fields to spin polarized particles. He concludes that electrically-neutral, polarized gases can be accelerated for thrust. The mechanism has been likened to the Hall effect.

One of the highlights of the 1992 Third International Ball Lightning Symposium was the interesting and impressive demonstration of what Dr. Kiril Chukanov and Mr. Genco Genov termed ?ball lightning.?

The Third International Symposium on Ball Lightning was held at the University of California ? Los Angeles, July 28-30, 1992. A small and informal gathering was designed to report and focus on the phenomenon of ball lightning.

Following are excerpts from Princeton University?s Electric Propulsion Laboratory research reports. This cursory introduction to the material is intended to convey an idea of the research scope, methodology, detail, and specific problem areas of Magneto Plasma Dynamic (MPD) thrusters.

In Proceedings of the 15th International Aerospace Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity (Atlantic City, NJ). U.S.

Yost designed his own version of a concentric field generator, or a device that charges with a radial gradient. It consisted of a rotating Plexiglas disc with twelve metallic segments. Static charge could be increased by grounding the brushes, spinning the disc in a magnetic field, or increasing the number of segments.

This article describes the energy required to reach earth's escape velocity. A simple analysis is given, ignoring the many losses and complications that accompany the present state of technology.

An article published in the October 27, 1969 issue of Design News indicated that a charged air spray could effectively cool hot surfaces. The technology has potential for application in the aviation and aerospace industries, as even in rarefied atmospheres, air friction can heat vehicle surfaces to temperatures in the thousands of degrees.

Yost reviews the notebooks of Agnew Bahnson and T. T. Brown. The notes mention a variety of experiments evolved to verify theories of electrogravitic lift.