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Chapter 6 of Immediate Distant Action, this essay discusses several topics surrounding instantaneous interactions.

Sections:

1. Newtonian gravitation 121
2. IAAAD in electrodynamics 124
3. Delay of radiation effects 128
4. A new theory of light 136
5. Proposed Machian law of inertia 143
6. Proposed Machian principle interaction law 149
7. The paradox of a Newtonian homogeneous universe 155
8. The discovery of cosmic hierarchical structure 157
9. An enhanced synthesis of IAAAD Newtonian forces 165

We correct two serious errors made by Robson and Sethian (Am.J.Phys 60 p.1111, 1992).  These authors have ignored the well established methods of Newtonian stress analysis, and then they erroneously claimed that the Newtonian stresses did not exist.  Secondly, the misrepresented railgun recoil and wire fragmentation experiments by wrongly asserting that the observed effects had been caused by metal heating.  Robson and Sethian were not aware that the thermo-mechanical wire fracture mechanism had already been disproved by experiment.  They also ignored a large body of the metallurgical literature which deals with the annealing of metals.

Peter and Neal Graneau present some strong experimental and theoretical arguments for the validity of Ampere?s electrodynamics and Newton?s action-at-a-distance, in place of the current-day ?field? concepts. They are certainly eminently qualified to question such issues. Peter Graneau has given ESJ permission to extract portions from Newton versus Einstein. This article presents excerpts from the chapter, ?Fact and Fiction in Electrodynamics.?

The paper considers the prospect of generating nuclear fusion energy with D-D reactions by direct impact and collision of heavy water droplets fired from water-arc guns. D₂O-cluster impact fusion has already been demonstrated to occur at relative velocities of the order of 100 ks/s. With the help of experiments and the momentum equation of electrodynamic launchers it is argued that the water-arc gun is capable of accelerating a 0.1 g heavy water mass to 100 km/s. This depends on the water-arc explosion being driven by electrodynamic forces and not by steam pressure. An experiment is outlined which proved conclusively that steam was not a factor in the operation of the water-arc gun.

Experimentally demonstrated Ampere tension cannot be the result of forces acting only on conduction electrons. Therefore a new model of the metallic current-element has been developed. It comprises the conduction electron and the lattice ion which jointly form an electric dipole pivoted at the lattice site. This dipole is capable of transferring mechanical forces of electromagnetic origin directly to the body of the metal, as required by Ampere's force law. With the aid of Neumann's electrodynamic potential and the principle of virtual work it is shown that pivoted current elements should exert mutual torques on each other which give rise to the induction of electromotive forces. Furthermore, the elemental mutual torques set up diamagnetic currents which have the magnetic appearance of ordinary conduction currents but do not involve charge transport. The induction of diamagnetic currents leads directly to the Meissner effect in superconductors. These currents assume the role of persistent screening currents and are accompanied by the expulsion of the magnetic vector potential and Neumann's electromagnetic potential (magnetic energy) from the interior of the superconductor. In this model the quenching of superconductivity by a magnetic field is replaced by diamagnetic saturation. The theory predicts the Meissner effect should occur in a superconducting ring surreounding a very long solenoid, that is in a region where the magnetic field is effectively zero. Hence the validity of the pivoted current-element model may be tested by experiment.