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Written in 1999, published posthumously. This paper claims that gravity is electrostatic, and substantiates this claim by deriving, through basic electrostatic relationships, a simple equation for gravity forces that includes an expression for the gravity constant G in terms of electrostatic parameters. Applied to interaction between two separated sub-atomic particles in open space, the derivation of G results in a value that falls within the range of the currently best known and accepted empirical measurements. The general electrostatic gravity equation next derived is applicable for all physical entities, however small, or large, thus presenting a comprehensive new way of perceiving and understanding gravity forces. A variety of other important conclusions also follow. For example, the electrostatic approach helps to explain why, regardless of the precision of their measurements, experimenters who use different physical layouts may continue to find different empirical values for G.

In standard introductory physics textbooks, one finds the following claim: The positively charged proton and the negatively charged electron in an atom such as hydrogen cancel each other for all outside generation of electrostatic forces. This claim is incorrect due to a non-reciprocal characteristic of atoms. This paper provides a brief explanation of this experimentally determined non-reciprocal effect using simple hydrogen atom examples for concrete illustration.

This paper establishes the amazing ability of space permittivity and permeability to determine the velocity of light, the extent of Dark Mass, and the accelerated expansion of the universe. In addition, taking into account the dependence of the velocity of light on permittivity and permeability, it is shown that the universe is significantly older than is generally accepted.

This report demonstrates that a changed model of the universe results when the assumption is made that permittivity reduces with time in an expanding universe. Age, expansion, and dark matter are all affected.

The purpose of this report is to provide simple answers to the following three questions by considering the effects of what has been happening over time to one single property of open space; namely, the permittivity of that space:

1. What is dark matter and why does it exist?
2. Why do so many distant stars appear to be older than the expanding "Big Bang" Universe of which those same stars are a part?
3. Why is our Universe expanding at a greater velocity now than it did many millions of years ago?