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This paper is about the shift in the prediction for MMX that was introduced by Potier in 1882. An additional effect in the transverse arm of MMX was introduced and caused thereby the twin paradox.

This article is about the inconsistencies in modern physics. Many of these questions are possible to explain by classical physics.

This short article demonstrates that errors in our understanding of light is the cause of the twin paradox.

This paper explains the structure of light without using the particle model.

Continuous radiation from bound electrons

This paper describes how false interpretation of Michelson-Morley tests influenced the invention pf time dilation.

We will see how denial of the ether concept, and confusions regarding the behavior of light, are the case of the many paradoxes in modern physics. Without the ether, the law of energy conservation is misleading. The wave or particle confusion has produced the twin paradox. However, by strict following the wave model for light and accepting the ether, we can have physics without paradoxes.
Keywords: Time dilation, special relativity, light quanta.

The wave or particle confusion is not a kind of complementarity – as Niels Bohr said. However, the paradox can be solved by introducing a particle-based ether and a light model based on waves only. By strict following the wave model we can see that the introduction by Potier of an ether wind effect in the transverse arm in Michelson and Morley’s test equipment (MMX) was a mistake. This error was helpful in creating the wave or particle paradox and, in the end, also produced the twin paradox.

An explanation to Potier's mistake.

This article contains an interpretation of MMX that not demands dilation of time.

This article is about the debate between Michelson and Potier regarding the prediction for the Michelson-Morley experiments that went on from 1882 to 1887.

This is a short and popularized version of Potier's mistake.

This article demonstrates how theoretical physics of today depends on more than 100 years old assumptions and interpretation of experiments, that are made in eror. With the very advanced technology of to day we have tools to correct these mistakes. It is demonstrated that the global positioning system (GPS), its atomic clocks, and advanced measurement systems in the space program can give us the means to reconsider old ideas.

This article illustrates the need for more critical thinking to reveal old fundamental errors.

An ether that is falling towards our planet is suggested, and it is demonstrated, that this ether model can explain more observations than existing physics. Gravity anomalies, gravitation itself and Pioneer anomaly are explained by this theory. An explanation to destructive superposition in light is also given.

Dissidents have spent lots of time on Einstein but has not observed what happened when Einstein was only 3 years old. At that time Potier wrote a paper, stating that Michelson’s prediction for his experiments, (MMX), with Morley, were interpreted in error by Michelson. Michelson had assumed light to take the fastest – not shortest – way between mirrors, and therefore, wave fronts always are parallel to mirrors in MMX. This means no effect in the transverse arm. However, Potier had a different opinion and stated that transverse ether wind could change the behavior of light and force light to take a longer way.
Since mirrors in MMX have relevance for light only – and not for the ether wind – we can see that Michelson was right. Michelson’s correct prediction was based on wave behavior in both arms of the equipment. Potier reintroduced a particle reasoning in the transverse arm only and did not see that light behavior is unchanged in the ether’s frame. The increased path length is instead in the frame of the equipment. Potier’s wrong idea got support from most scientists – but not from Michelson. So, Michelson was the last scientist that was right regarding MMX prediction. Poitier’s error supported the Lorentz transform, but Michelson’s interpretation is in agreement to the Galilean transform.
Keywords: Michelson-Morley, stellar aberration, special relativity, gravity, ether.

A Potier created a paradox 136 years ago by changing Michelson's prediction for the experiments with Morley (MMX). He reduced the prediction by half and the missing part was used by Lorentz to motivate the absurd concept dilation of time. The mistake was repeated by Einstein in his light clock. Time dilation implies individual aging, which is absurd.

This article reveals a very important mistake regarding the prediction for the well known experiments done by Michelson and Morley.

This article gives a short demonstration of how we can use classical concepts to describe modern phenomena in physics. It is possible to do that without complex concepts, like Lorentz invariance, quantum jumping and photons. We can also explain gravity without the bending of nothing.

This article searches for the first errors to the paradoxes in modern physics. It is demonstrated that physics was in trouble long before the introduction of SRT.

This article reveals a very important mistake regarding the predictions for the well known experiments done by Michelson and Morley. This error was caused by lack of knowledge regarding the motion and structure of light and caused great problems in physics and resulted in a very absurd conception of the time concept, and caused the confusion between the concepts wave or particle.

Another mistake is the notion that the product  represent light quanta, instead of charge quanta.

These mistakes have also implications for our perception of phenomena like gravity, black-body radiation photoelectric effect and more. The necessity of an ether is also demonstrated and it is suggested that the ideas behind pushing gravity can be united with this ether model. This means that we get a cause of gravity and not only descriptions of its effects.

This article explains how time dilation has been used to cover up for a mistake, that was introduced by Potier, when Einstein was a child. Potier did not observe that mirrors are transparent to the ether wind, and therefore the mirrors are controlling c only – and not c+v.

The Michelson-Morley tests, that were done in 1881 and 1887, are still questioned. So, we have reasons, even today, to discuss what does these experiments mean. The dispute between Michelson and Potier is discussed in this article.

This article explains how a misunderstanding of the difference between beam direction and ray direction of light has produced support for the absurd Lorentz factor.

Physics without Mathematics

Two light waves in opposite phase can add up to zero light, so light must be without energy. Therefore, bound electrons can generate potential force that that does not become real if this force is not detected by means of another electron.

Serious interpretational errors regarding stellar aberration and MMX have existed for many decades. This created the existing chaotic situation in physics long time before SRT was invented. By disregarding old tests and focus on what we have in atomic clocks, GPS and the Pioneer anomaly we can find solutions based on conventional physics.

The number of paradoxes in theoretical physics is large. This means that we have reason to suspect that experiments have been interpreted in error long time ago. The behavior of light and ether has been misunderstood. This has caused wrong interpretations of stellar aberration, Michelson and Morley's tests and of Einstein's so called light clock. If we instead regard Sagnac effect, global positioning system (GPS), Pioneer anomaly, gravitational anomalies during solar eclipses and the behavior of atomic clocks, than we get a very different view of light and ether. We find that we do not need the theory of relativity, and not the quanta of light either. We also find that we can explain gravity. The paradoxes disappear.

This article is about the not observed difference between the beam direction, representing the motion of light, and the ray direction representing the orientation of the wave fronts. Disregarding this difference has delayed development in physics for a long time.

This article presents alternative interpretations to the empirical evidencies behind the theory of relativity and the quantum theory of light. These interpretations indicate the existence of an ether. It is demonstrated that the absurdities existing in modern physics can be eliminated. However, the implied ether must noy only exist; the ether must have very remarkable properties. It must have its own state of aggregation and light does not transfer energy.

This article presents alternative interpretations to the empirical evidences behind the theory of relativity and the quantum theory of light.

Abstract

The ether must exist -- since we can observe waves. The ether cannot be autonomous - if so it should have been discovered long time ago. Remains only ideas from Stokes and Petr Beckmann. The ether must in some way be dependent on the distribution of matter and dominated by the nearest material body. This means that the state of motion of the ether cannot be represented by a frame -- rather a field must be used.

Emission and absorption of light by a charged particle is related to exchange of energy with the ether. Therefore this energy must not be transported by light. Therefore, bound electrons can radiate without loosing energy.

Abstract

This article describes an ether that is the cause of gravity and that can transport light. The state of motion of this ether must be represented by a field.

Charged particles generating and absorbing light interchange energy with the this ether and not with light. Light can be without energy.

This article describes an ether that is inspired by Petr Beckmann's ether model. This ether is falling in direction towards a material body and is thereby the cause of gravity.

Light waves interfering with bound electrons explain the photoelectric effect and X-rays in the same way cause bound electrons to escape one kernel. When they are captured by another kernel they generate light at a lower frequency. This explains the Compton effect.

This article presents alternative interpretations to the empirical evidences behind the theory of relativity and the quantum theory of light. These interpretations indicate the existence of an ether. It is demonstrated that the absurdities existing in modern physics can be eliminated. However, the implied ether must not only exist; the ether must have very remarkable properties. It must have its own state of aggregation and light does not transfer energy.

This article is about different interpretational errors in physics.

The concept speed of light is a most debated subject in physics. However, the concept direction of light is also important. This article presents an ambiguity in the concept direction of light. This ambiguity is very important regarding the interpretation of an empirical result concerning light and ether. It is demonstrated, in this article, that it is interpretational errors that are the real cause of the great confusion in modern physics regarding the use of waves or particles to describe light.

The concept speed of light is a most debated subject in physics. However, the concept direction of light is also important. This article presents an ambiguity in the concept direction of light. This ambiguity is very important regarding the interpretation of an empirical result concerning light and ether. It is demonstrated, in this article, that it is interpretational errors that are the real cause of the great confusion in modern physics regarding the use of waves or particles to describe light.

This article is a response to an article by William Stubbs [1] and another article by Robert Kemp [2] both sent to NPA in 2013. Both articles are commenting on the Wang eclipse [3] observed in China in 1997. The interpretation given here is very different from [1] and [2]. It is demonstrated that a 300 year old theory can explain the observed anomaly. Modern theories cannot do that.

Einstein postulated that the speed of light had the same value in relation to all inertial observers. This statement caused strong protests from many philosophers, since Einstein's idea was considered as an absurd philosophy, and not physics. The history of physics shows that very often has many failures to confirm a postulate been regarded as a negation of the postulate, and sometimes even as an evidence of nonexistence of a concept. Such conclusions are illegal in a scientific perspective. However, in our daily life we can often be forced to act in this way, in our fight for survival. In this article we see that many empirical results can be interpreted in new ways. As a result of new interpretations of results, even before Einstein, basic concepts can be changed. Light, gravity, inertia and Big Bang can be considered from a new perspective. The wave or particle confusion can be explained and light can be explained without quanta of light. The photoelectric effect is observed with the help of discrete electrons producing quantization. We can therefore not conclude quantization to exist before detection. Einstein's quantization of light is therefore a postulation only, and not a logical fact.

This article presents a new interpretation of the Pioneer anomaly.

This article describes an ether that is not autonomous or entrained in velocity. Instead of entraining the ether a celestial body absorbs a very small amount of ether particles passing through the body. This causes a small net velocity in the average value of all particle velocities. The ether gets a small velocity in direction towards the body. This generated ether-wind follows the body like a shadow and causes gravity. Spherical symmetry means that one body is not decelerated by its own field. However, two bodies disturb the symmetry to each other and are therefore pushed in direction towards each other. The generated ether-wind cause gravity. The ether particles move with the speed c and can also transfer light. The ether particles do not collide with each other and the ether is not a gas but a special state of aggregation. Light contains information that together with the ether can interchange energy with matter. We cannot know if this energy comes from light or from the ether. In this theory light is waves and ether is particles.

Results from a precision gravimeter experiment in China 1997 demonstrate an assumed gravitational shielding present before and after the eclipse. No (or a very small) effect is demonstrated during the eclipse. This is explained in [1] as caused by a very massive corona around the Sun. An alternative interpretation is presented here by means of a compensating effect due to gravitational shielding effecting parts of our planet. Just before and just after the eclipse gravitational shielding effects exist in perpheral parts of our planet, but not in the gravimeter.

The gravity measurements by Qian-chen Wang in March 1997 have been difficult to explain. Some explanations are based on the corona of our sun. Inconsistencies are demonstrated in these explanations. A consistent explanation is presented in this article. In this article the phenomenon is explained as a small reduction of the contribution in gravity from the Sun and the Moon due to shielding.

1. The use of sound waves as a model for light waves ignores an important .difference between longitudinal and transverse wave motions. This mistake has resulted in the illegal use of stellar aberration as an evidence against the entrained ether.
2. The global positioning system (GPS) is the most obvious evidence against the absurd idea of a light speed that is isotropic in relation to all inertial frames. The importance of this evidence has not been observed due to a wrong classification of Sagnac effect as an effect of rotation.
3. Michelson-Morley's experiments are analyzed and found to be without relevance for the ether-wind.

The interpretations of phenomena behind the theory of relativity are discussed and analyzed. Theories different from those founding the theory of relativity are presented. It is demonstrated that classical concepts can explain most observations. It is therefore concluded that the exotic and absurd theory of relativity is not necessary. Instead of Einstein's theory we need to include the concept of ether.

The behavior of light is analyzed and the use of sound waves as a model of light waves is abolishaed. Lighis described by the wave model only. Time dilation is not needed.

The mysterious ether is discussed regarding transmission of light and gravity. Michelson-Morley's experiments (MMX) are explained.

New interpretations are given to all three important phenomena behind special relativity. This means stellar aberration, the Michelson-Morley Experiments, and the Sagnac Effect.

This idea comes from a test with atomic clocks connected over some kilometers with coaxial cables. Dr
Su[1] suggested scaling down and connecting two gas lasers over a few meters with single mode optical fibers.
The equipment is mounted on a slowly rotating platform with high mechanical stability. The measurements are
made in such a way as to making a constant and small frequency difference between lasers irrelevant.

New interpretations are given to stellar aberration and Sagnac effect. By strict following the wave model for light it is demonstrated that the wave motion depends on the ether-wind in one dimension only. This means that we cannot describe wave motion by the vector sum of ether-wind and wave velocity. Stellar aberration is therefore silent about the ether-wind, and the entrained ether is not ruled out. By utilizing the fact that the Sagnac effect can be locked in inside an optical fiber it is demonstrated that Sagnac effect is in reality a translational effect. The problem of synchronizing separated clocks forced Sagnac to use a rotating equipment to detect a translational effect. Together with the experiences from the Global Positioning System (GPS) we can find support for an ether that is entrained by our planet. Further confirmation can be found by detecting the ether-wind by translational equipment in a lab or in a satellite.

The behavior of light is analyzed in terms of the wave model for light. By strictly following the wave model it is demonstrated that changes in the ether's velocity are irrelevant in relation to the orientation of the wave-fronts in light. This ability of transverse light waves to conserve wave-front orientation is important for interpretation of the empirical background behind special relativity (SRT). Alternative interpretations are presented for the three most important phenomena related to SRT, namely: stellar aberration, Michelson-Morley's experiments (MMX) and the Sagnac effect. This results in support for the existence of an entrained ether.

This memo illuminates the problem of how discussions on chat pages and in conferences should be focused.

The two main pillars in the foundation for the special relativity theory are given alternative interpretations. Starlight aberration, as well as Michelson-Morley-s experiments, is thereby demonstrated to be wrong and useless. A new interpretation is also given to the Sagnac effect, and this produces evidence for entrained ether. The existence of ether is found to be very helpful when we want to describe different phenomena in physics.

It is demonstrated that misinterpretations of stellar aberration and Sagnac effect has given false arguments against the entrained ether.

Special relativity (SRT) rests upon mainly two phenomena: stellar aberration and Michelson-Morley's experiment (MMX). Both phenomena appears to be interpreted mainly in the particle model for light. An alternative interpretation, based on the wave model including the property of transverse waves to conserve orientation in relation to changes in the ether-wind, is done. This renders both phenomena as silent in relation to the ether's state of motion. Since Sagnac effect is caused by translational motion, the effect on a rotating circle is the same as on a straight line in translational motion. This fact means that the effect is easily described, and that Sagnac effect in GPS (Global Positioning System) can give information about the ether's state of motion. A conflict between stellar aberration and entrained ether is here found to be wrong. An other conflict between entrained translation and not entrained rotation is given a possible explanation, which is of interest although not a proof.

New interpretations are presented to the three most common, important phenomena related to the abolishment of the ether concept. These interpretations support an entrained ether.

The more than hundred years old conflict between Michelson's results and his prediction is analyzed and explained. Michelson predicted that a second order effect of an ether-wind at least equal to our planets velocity in relation to the centre of our planetary system should be detectable. This means an effect in two-way propagation time of at least equal to 10-8 of c. The result is instead an observed effect less than 10-14 of c, according to [1].

A new interpretation of starlight aberration is described, and aberration is thereby united with entrained ether, as well as with absolute ether. It is also explained how stability in planetary orbits can be united with a reasonable speed of gravity. Aberration of starlight was discovered by Bradley in 1728, united with entrained ether by Stokes in 1845, and demonstrated to be in conflict with entrained ether by Challis in 1880. See [1]. Since then scientists have tried in vain to unite entrainment and aberration. The conflict between a reasonable speed of gravity and stability in planetary orbits is of more recent date.

Wrong interpretations of three important physical observations are the fundamental reasons behind the absurd special theory of relativity (SRT), from 1905. SRT has dominated theoretical physics in almost hundred years, without having done much impact on practical physics.

Evidence for the ether's existence and state of motion are explained. Methods for finding more knowledge about the ether are explained.

The almost hundred years old conflict between the special relativity theory (SRT) and the Sagnac effect is analyzed. The common interpretation of Sagnac effect as an effect of rotation is refuted. The relation between Sagnac effect and ether model is discussed.

The theory of relativity is an ether-less theory. The reason for this is that aberration of starlight has been considered to rule out the entrained ether, and Michelson-Morley's measurements (MMX) are interpreted as refuting the absolute ether. Errors are found in both these conclusions and entrained, as well as absolute, ethers are both possible. It is also demonstrated that a transverse ether-wind can not cause wave-front bending, and that Stokes' 'correction' to Michelson's prediction was without motivation. The existence of an ether has been demonstrated very clearly by the Sagnac effect for translational motion. It is therefore important to find out if the ether is entrained or absolute. The Sagnac effect IS the ether-wind and can help us to find the answer. By using interferometry, instead of synchronized clocks, we can reach higher precision. Experiencies from GPS (global positioning system) seems to indicate that time dilation and clock bias must be abolished.

The fifth postulate of Euclid, the parallel postulate, was formulated in 300 B C, and is still not proved as a theorem although many have tried to do that. The reason for this is NOT to be found in tha postulate per se but in the definition of paralletism. The most common definition states that PARALLEL LINES NEVER MEET. It will be demonstrated here that why this definition is WRONG and why parallelism is hard to define.

The two main experiments supporting the special theory of relativity, Michelson-Morley's tests and starlight aberration, are useless in relation to the entrained ether. The Sagnac effect has given support for an entrained ether, and is the only way to gain certain verdict concerning the question, if the ether takes part in the rotation of the Earth.

Starlight aberration and Michelson-Morley's experiments (MMX) are considered to provide the most important information about the possible existence of an ether. However, logical weaknesses exist in both these methods. Fortunately, there exist alternative methods (based on one-way light propagation) that are useful. These methods indicate that the ether is entrained by the Earth's translation but not by its rotation. This ether can be united with starlight aberration.

This paper is aka "The Ether-Wind Problem and GPS"

Aberration of starlight can be interpreted in such a way that its unification with an entrained ether is possible. The entrained ether, described here, adapts to distribution of matter, and provides thereby a kind of relativity. This allows time and space to be autonomous, and not absurd. Since the ether suggested here is translated but not rotated by the Earth, a change of name is appropriate. This new ether is therefore called 'generated' instead of 'entrained'.

This article suggests a type of ether called 'generated' that is translated by the Earth, but not rotated, which explains why GPS needs compensation for Sagnac effect. This ether defines light velocity and provides reference for that velocity, but this ether cannot change orientation of the wavefront's plane, which explains why this ether has the same starlight aberration as an absolute ether, and therefore cannot be ruled out by starlight aberration. Michelson-Morley's failure is explained, and also why only first order effects of light's velocity, not direction, can provide manifestations concerning the ether-wind problem.

The relation between light and ether is described in such a way that an entrained ether has the same starlight aberration as an absolute ether. The Sagnac effect has demonstrated the existence of an ether in different experiments. In the GPS system the Sagnac effect demonstrates entrainment also.

Many words have been written about Michelson-Morley's measurements as they have been thought to open the way for special relativity. However, a wrong interpretation of starlight aberration is the real opener for Einstein's theory. A new interpretation demonstrating unification with Stoke's entrained ether is given here. It is also explained why gravity has no aberration. The experiencies from the Global Positioning System demonstate a Sagnac effect caused by the receiver's motion in relation to the center of the Earth. This implies an ether dependent of the Earth' translation but not on its rotation. Therefore, we have an ether-wind about a hundred times smaller than Michelson's. This is in agreement with fiber-optic measurements made by R. Wang.