Prof. Richard L. Amaroso (About)
World Science Database Profile
Age: 74
- B.S. University of Massachusetts - Amherst, Psychology (1972)
- Ph.D. INU - Oakland, CA - Cosmology and Philosophy of Mind (1992)
- M.A. JFK University - Orinda, Consciousness Studies (1995)
Other Colleges Attended
- 1972 Stanford University, Psychology
- 1979-1980 New England School of Acupuncture, Chinese Acupuncture, Moxibustion, Electro and Laser Acupuncture
- 1980-1981 Harvard University, Physics, Human Physiology
- 1991-1992 San Francisco State University, Psychology, Astrophysics, Creative writing
- 1989-1993 Laney College, Chinese, Computer Science, Desktop Publishing
- 1994 U.C. Berkeley, John Searle, Philosophy of Mind
Summary of Positions Held
- 1972- 1976 Amoroso Institute of Psychology, Palo Alto, Director
- 1974 Stanford Linear Particle Accelerator, Palo Alto, research technician
- 1979- 1981 Harvard Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Computation Facility manager
- 1987- present Museum of Robotics, Board of Directors
- 1991- 1992 Peralta College, Oakland, CA, Instructional Assistant
- 1993- present Noetic Advanced Studies Institute, Orinda, Founding Director
- 1993- 1995 Electricar Corporation, Oakland, CFO
- 1994- 1996 International Noetic University, Professor
- 1997- present The Noetic Journal, Orinda, Executive Editor
- 1997- present Cerebroscopic Systems, Inc., Berkeley, CFO
- 1997- present Noetic Medal of Consciousness and Brain Research, Search Committee
- 2000 Chairman: 3rd Vigier International Symposium, UC Berkeley.
- 2003 Co-Chairman 4th Vigier International Symposium, Paris, France.
- 2002- 2004 Bioscan International, Board of Directors
- 2005 Chairman, International Year of Physics, CASYS05, Liege, Belgium
Books:
- Amoroso, R.L., Antunes, R., Coelho, C., Farias, M., Leite, A., & Soares, P. (eds.) Science and the Primacy of Consciousness, 2000, Orinda: The Noetic Press, ISBN 0-9678687-0-8
- Osoroma, Drahcir, S. (pseudonym) The Scientific Origins of Sexual Preference, 2000, Orinda: The Noetic Press, ISBN 0-9678687-0-X.
- Amoroso, R.L., Hunter, G., Kafatos, M., Vigier, J-P. (Eds.) Gravitation & Cosmology: From the Hubble Radius to the Planck Scale, 2002, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
- Amoroso, R.L., Lehnert, B. & Vigier, J-P. (Eds.) Beyond the Standard Model: The Search For Unity In Physics, 2005, Orinda: The Noetic Press.
- Amoroso, R.L. 2004, Ce Este Constiinta? Trepte Intru Cosmologia Mintii, (Editor), Nicolae Bulz; (Trans.) Iosif Adrian, Nicolae Bulz, Alexandru Giuculescu, Calin Hilohi, Corneliu Milos & Laura Pana, Bucharesti: Editura Academiei Romane. (In Romanian)
- Amoroso, R.L. & F. DiBiase (eds.) REVOLU??O DA CONSCI?NCIA (A) - Novas descobertas sobre a mente no s?culo XXI, 2004, Rio de Janeiro: Editora Vozes2004,ISBN 853263069-3.(In Portugese)
- Amoroso, R.L. & F. DiBiase (eds.) REVOLU??O DA CONSCI?NCIA (A) - Novas descobertas sobre a mente no s?culo XXI, 2005,(2nd Edition) Rio de Janeiro: Editura Vozes, ISBN 853263069-3.(In Portugese)
- Amoroso, R.L. & Amoroso, J.R.S., Rendezvous at the Temple of Love: Poems of Peace, Love & Whimsy, 2006, Orinda: The Noetic Press, ISBN 978-0-9678687-69
- Amoroso, R.L. & Rauscher, E.A., How to Build a Conscious Quantum Computer: The Immanent Era Of Conscious Technologies, In press
- Amoroso, R.L., Hiley, B.J. & Pribram, K.H. (eds.)The Complementarity oF Mind and Body: Fulfilling The Quest of DesCartes, Einstein and Eccles, in press
- Amoroso, R.L., DiBiase, F. & Rocha, M.S., Quantum Dialogues, 2006, (in Portugese), In press
- Amoroso, R.L. & Rauscher, E.A., The Holographic Multiverse: Formalizing the Complex Geometry of Ultimate Reality, Submitted
- Amoroso, R.L., Noetic Field Theory: The Quantization of Mind, Volume 1 - Theory, in preparation
- Amoroso, R.L., Noetic Field Theory: The Quantization of Mind, Volume 2 - Empirical Tests & Applications, in preparation
Articles:
- Amoroso, R.L. and Martin, B. Modeling the Heisenberg matrix: Quantum coherence and thought at the
holoscape manifold and deeper complementarity. In J. King & K.H. Pribram, Eds. Scale in Conscious
Experience: Is the Brain too Important to be Left to Biologists to Study? (1995) Lawrence Earlbaum,
Mahwah. - Amoroso, R.L. The extracellular containment of natural intelligence: A new direction for strong AI.
Informatica 19 (1995). - Amoroso, R.L. How to Build a Telecerebroscope. The Noetic Press (1995)
- Amoroso, R.L. The production of Fr?hlich and Bose-Einstein coherent states in in vitro paracrystaline
oligomers using phase control laser interferometry, Bioelectrochemistry & Bioenergetics 41(1996). - Amoroso, R.L. Engineering a conscious computer, In T. Toffoli, and M. Biafore Eds., Physcomp96
(1996) N.E. Complex Systems Inst., Cambridge. - Amoroso, R.L., (1996), Engineering a Conscious Computer, InterJournal Complex Systems, 17,
Cambridge: New England Complex Systems Institute. - Amoroso, R.L. Collective modes of ordered water as a synchronization backbone for quantum
neuromolecular computation and consciousness. The Noetic Press (1996). - Amoroso, R.L. Consciousness: A radical definition, The Noetic Journal 1:1, pp. 19-27 (1997).
- Amoroso, R.L. Commentary on Stapp: Call for a Model of Deep Ontology, The Noetic Journal 1:1,
pp.97-99 (1997). - Amoroso, R.L. A brief introduction to noetic field theory. Proc. Scientific Basis of Consciousness,
(1997) ECPD, Belgrade. - Amoroso, R.L. ,1997, The theoretical foundations for engineering a conscious quantum computer. In
M.Gams, M. Paprzycki & X.Wu (eds.) Mind<>Computer, IOS Press: Amsterdam. - Amoroso, R.L., Kafatos, M.and Ecminovic, P. , 1998, The origins of cosmological redshift in spin
exchange between Planck scale vacuum compactification and nonzero rest mass photon
anisotrophy, in G. Hunter and S. Jeffers eds., Causality and Locality in Modern Physics, Kluwer
Academic, Dordrecht. - Ecminovic, P., Kafatos, M.and Amoroso, R.L., 1998, The Vigier Pinch, in G. Hunter and S. Jeffers
eds., Causality and Locality in Modern Physics, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht. - Amoroso, R.L., 1998, The origin of cosmic microwave background radiation in the intrinsic fluctuation
of vacuum compactification cavity electrodynamics, submitted - Amoroso, R.L. An introduction to noetic field theory: The quantization of mind, The Noetic Journal
2:1, pp. 28-37 (1999). - Amoroso, R.L., 1999, A Theoretical Alzheimer=s Etiology Predicting Psychogenic Initiation, The
Noetic Journal 2:2, pp. 234-241. - Amoroso, R.L., 1999, Cultural Manifestations of the Anthropopathy of Human Consciousness, Society
for the Anthropology of Consciousness, Annual meeting, UC Berkeley. - Amoroso, R.L., Can a Conscious Universe Obviate Philosophical Naturalism & Vanguard Physical
Teleology? Polyani Conference on Naturalism; Baylor, University, Waco, Tx April 12-15, 2000 - Amoroso, R.L. 2000, The parameters of temporal correspondence in a continuous state conscious
universe, In R. Buccheri & M. Saniga Eds. Studies in the Structure of Time: From Physics to
Psycho(patho)logy, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht. - Kafatos,M., Roy, S. & Amoroso, R.L. 2000, Scaling in Cosmology & the Arrow of Time, In R.
Bucheri & M. Saniga Eds. Studies in the Structure of Time: From Physics to Psycho(patho)logy, Kluwer
Academic, Dordrecht. - Amoroso, R.L., 2000, The ontology of soul and nature of free agency within the cosmology of a
continuous state conscious universe, In H. Wautischer Ed. Ontology of Consciousness: A Modern
Synthesis, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, In press. - Amoroso, R.L., 2000, The Ontological Origins of Sexual Preference, The Noetic Journal, 2:4, pp. 401-
423. - Amoroso, R.L., 2000, Cerebroscopic Transduction and the advent of Sensory Bypass Technology,
The Noetic Journal, 3:1, pp. 49-60. - Amoroso, R.L., 2000, Philosophical Tension: A Structural-Phenomenological Approach to
Physicalization in Terms of the Continuous State Conscious Universe, Noesis vol. XXV - Proceedings of
the Romanian Academy, pp.93-107. - Amoroso, R.L. 2002, No Matter Never Mind edited by K. Yasue, M. Jibu & T. Della Scenta, Noetic
Journal, 3:4, pp. 382-84. - Struppa, D.C., Kafatos, M., Roy, S., Kato, G. & Amoroso, R.L., 2003, Category Theory as the
Language of Consciousness, Noetic Journal, 3:3, pp. 271-281. - Amoroso, R.L., 2002 The Cosmology of a Continuous State Universe, in Amoroso, R.L., Hunter, G.,
Kafatos, M., Vigier, J-P. (Eds.) Gravitation & Cosmology: From the Hubble Radius to the Planck Scale,
2002, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. - Amoroso, R.L. & Vigier, J-P, Comparison of Near and Far Field Double-Slit Interferometry for
dispersion in Propagation of the Photon Wave-Packet, in Amoroso, R.L., Hunter, G., Kafatos, M., Vigier,
J-P. (Eds.) Gravitation & Cosmology: From the Hubble Radius to the Planck Scale, 2002, Dordrecht:
Kluwer Academic Publishers. - Vigier, J-P & Amoroso, R.L., 202, The origin of cosmological redshift and CMBR as
absorption/emission equilibrium in cavity-QED blackbody dynamics of the Dirac vacuum, In Amoroso,
R.L., Hunter, G., Kafatos, M., Vigier, J-P. (Eds.) Gravitation & Cosmology: From the Hubble Radius to the
Planck Scale, 2002, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. - Amoroso, R.L., 2002, The Physical Basis of Consciousness: A Fundamental Formalism, Part 1
Noesis, XXVI, Romanian Academy. - Amoroso, R.L., 2002, The Ontological Origins of Sexual Preference, Noetic J, 2:4, pp. 410-421.
- Vigier, J-P, & Amoroso, R.L., 2002, Can one unify gravity and electromagnetic fields?, in Amoroso,
R.L., Hunter, G., Kafatos, M., Vigier, J-P. (Eds.) Gravitation & Cosmology: From the Hubble Radius to the
Planck Scale, 2002, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. - Amoroso, R.L. 2002, Constiinta, o definitie radicala: dualismul substantei rezolva problema dificulta
(trad. de A. Botez si O. Popescu) Filosofia Constiintei Si Stiintele Cognitive, A. Botez si B.M. Popescu,
Bucharesti: Cartea Romaneasca. - Amoroso, R.L. & Martin, B. 2002, Consciousness: A thousand points of light. Self-organized
emergence of consciousness from the noumenon of the conscious universe, Noetic Journal, 3:4, pp. 289-
311. - Osoroma, D. (pseudonym), 2002 Brave New Mind, by Peter Dodwell, Noetic Journal, 3:3, pp.282-
284. - Amoroso, R.L., 2003, The Physical Cosmology of Time: a Topological Field Theory of Origins in
Higher Dimensional Geometry, in, R. Buccheri, M. Saniga & M. Stuckey, (eds.) Proceedings of the NATO
ARW, Dordrecht: Kluwer. - Amoroso, R.L., Amoroso, P.J.,, Hunter, G. & Rauscher, E.A. 2003, The Primary Mechanism Initiating
Protein Conformation in Prion Propagation, Submitted. - Amoroso, R.L. , 2003, Integrating Science and Theology: Development of An Empirical Metaphysics,
IUAES conference, Florence, Italy. To be published. - Amoroso, R.L.,2003, Awareness: Physical Cosmology Of The Fundamental Least Unit, Noetic Journal
4:1; 7-23. - Amoroso, R.L. 2003, The Fundamental Limit and Origin of Biological Systems, Noetic Journal 4:1; 24-
32. - Fe, Fi, Fo Folium: A Discourse On Descartes Mathematical Curiosity NJ 4:2, pp. 176-82 R.L.
Amoroso 39. Osoroma, D.S. (Pseudonym), 2003, The Web And The Cloth by Daniel W. Miller, Noetic
Journal 4:2, pp185-7. - Amoroso, R.L., 2003, The Search for Mind by Sean O. Nuallain, Noetic Journal, 4:1 pp.88-90
- Amoroso, R.L., 2003, Editorial Commentary on the 2003 Centenary of Sir John Eccles, Noetic Journal
4:1, pp. 1-2. - Amoroso, R.L., 2003, The Physical Basis and Extracellular Containment of Qualia: Dissolution of the
1st Person 3rd Person Barrier, Noetic Journal, 4:3 pp. 194-206 - Amoroso, R. L., 2003, Being Human: The Search For Order by Sean O. Nuallain, Noetic Journal, 4:3
pp. 298-300. - Amoroso, R.L., 2003, Introduction to the Cosmology of a Continuous State Conscious Universe,
Procedings Romanian Acad, New York Branch. - Amoroso, R.L. 2004, Consciousness: A thousand points of light. Self-organized emergence of
complexity from the conscious universe. In, R.L. Amoroso, and K.H. Pribram, The Complementarity of
Mind and Body: Essays in Honor of Nobel Laureate Sir John Eccles' Centennial Anniversary. In press. - Amoroso, R.L. & Vigier, J-P, 2004, Toward the unification of gravity and electromagnetism, in
Relativity, Gravitation, Cosmology, V. V. Dvoeglazov and A. A. Espinoza Garrido, (eds.) New York: Nova
Science Publishers , pp. 61- 76. - Amoroso, R.L., 2004, A paradigm for continuous state cosmology, in R.L. Amoroso, B. Lehnert & J-P
Vigier (eds.) The Search For Unity In Physics, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Pub. - Amoroso, R.L., 2004, On the possibility of relativistic shock-wave effects in cosmological observations,
in R.L. Amoroso, B. Lehnert & J-P Vigier (eds.) The Search For Unity In Physics, Dordrecht: Kluwer
Academic Pub. - Vigier, J-P & Amoroso, R.L., 2004, The electromagnetic integration of the strong force, in R.L.
Amoroso, B. Lehnert & J-P Vigier (eds.) The Search For Unity In Physics, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic
Pub. - Amoroso, R. L., & Amoroso, P. J., 2004, The fundamental limit and origin of complexity in selforganized
biological systems; A new model for life, in D.M. Dubois (ed.) Proceedings of CASYS, >03,
Sixth International Conference on Computing Anticipatory Systems, Liege, Belgium, August 11-16, 2003,
New York: AIP Proceedings. - Amoroso, R.L., & Amoroso, P.J., 2005, Is it time to redefine Maturana=s basis for self-organized
autopoietic systems?, submitted to BioSystems. - Amoroso, R.L., 2004, Shifting the medical paradigm, Philadelphia: Temple University, Center for
Frontier Studies, in press. - Amoroso, R.L., Dubois, D.M. & Nibart, G., 2005, Is it possible that gravitation is not quantized?,
submitted to General Relativity and Gravitation. - Amoroso, R.L., 2005, Is it possible to institute StarTrek Medicine in this century? In J. Mancilla & F.
DiBiase (eds), Fronteiras da Consci?ncia, Rio de Janiero: Brazil. - Amoroso, R.L., 2004, Experimentally induced conformation in the prion protein by multi-level chaotic
nuclear quadrupole resonance, submitted. - Nickisch, L.J., Franca, H., Haisch, B., Old, T & R.L. Amoroso, R.L., 2004, Experimental
Measurement of Enhanced ZPF-Induced Voltage Fluctuations, In Press. - Amoroso, R.L., 2004, The evolution of qualia as a cybernetic system, Vienna, Proceedings of
Cybernetic and systems theory, to be published. - Amoroso, R.L., 2004, Communication to the Romanian Academy on the occasion of Academian M.
Draganescu=s 75th Birthday, D. Tufis, & G.Tecuci (eds.). "Mihai Draganescu in medias res" (the
symposium MD75) Buchuresti: Editura Academiei Romanei. - Amoroso, R.L., 2004, The secret life of cats: Report of a case study, Noetic Journal, 5:1, pp. 1-12.
- Amoroso, R.L., Book Review EH Walker: The Physics of Consciousness, Noetic Journal, 2004.
- Amoroso, R.L., & J-P Vigier, 2004, On the Itegration of gravity and electromagnetism, in V. Dvoeglazov
(ed.) Relativity, Gravitation, Cosmology, New York: Nova Science. - Rauscher, E.A. & Amoroso, R.L., 2005, The Physical Implications Of Multidimensional Geometries And
Measurement, in D. Dubois (ed.) CASYS=05. - Amoroso, R.L., Amoroso, P.J., Elucidating The Trigger Of Alzheimer's Disease: A Complex Anticipatory
Systems Approach, in D. Dubois (ed.), CASYS=05. - Amoroso, R.L., Rauscher, E.A., Nibart Gilles & Hunter, Geoffrey, Universal Quantum Computing:
Anticipatory: Parameters Predicting Bulk Implementation, in D. Dubois (ed.), CASYS=05. - Amoroso, R.L., 2006, SETI-2: Why SETI search protocols need to be reevaluated, Noetic Journal, 7:1.
- Amoroso, R.L., 2006, Global Warming: Interpretation in terms of the Earth=s geomagnetic field reversal,
The Noetic Journal, 7:1. - Amoroso, R.L., 2006, The Physical Basis of Spirituality: Common Ground for Dialogue, in. M. Stavinchi,
(ed.) Science and Orthodoxy, Bucharest. - Amoroso, R.L, & Dubois, D., 2006, Emergence of generalized F-theory 2-branes from parameters of the
Dubois incursive oscillator, in press. - Amoroso, R.L., Rauscher, E.A., 2006, The physical basis of qualia; A mind's eye view, ISSSEEM, Subtle
Energies & Medicine, in press. - Amoroso, R.L., Rauscher, E.A., 2006, Beyond mechanism: A new model for the action principle driving
self-oganization in living systems, ISSSEEM, Subtle Energies & Medicine, in press. - Amoroso, R.L., 2006, Brain damage in Alzheimer's disease: Elucidating the noetic trigger, in J. Mancillo &
F. DiBiasi (eds.) Proceedings International do Cerebro, Rio de Janeiro, in press. - Amoroso, R.L., 2006, A fundamental basis for paradigm shift in medicine, in J. Mancillo & F. DiBiasi (eds.)
Proceedings of Fronteiras da Consciencia, Rio de Janeiro, in press. - Amoroso, R.L., 2006, The physical basis of consciousness ? implications for medicine and psychology, In J.
Mancilla & F. DiBiase (eds), Fronteiras da Consci?ncia, Rio de Janiero: Brazil. - Amoroso, R.L., 2006, What is thought? What is mind? What is life?, in J. Mancillo & F. DiBiasi (eds.),
Fronteiras da Consci?ncia, Rio de Janiero: Brazil. - Amoroso, R.L. & Rauscher, E.A. 2006, The Physical Implications of Multidimensional Geometries and
Measurement, International J of Computing Anticipatory Systems, ISSN 1373-5411, Edited by Daniel M.
Dubois, Published by CHAOS, Liege, Belgium. - Amoroso, R.L. & Amoroso, P.J. 2006, Elucidating the Trigger of Alzheimer's Disease: A Complex
Anticipatory Systems Approach, International J of Computing Anticipatory Systems, ISSN 1373-5411,
Edited by Daniel M. Dubois, Published by CHAOS, Liege, Belgium. - E.A. Rauscher, R.L. Amoroso & N. Haramein, 2006) Incursive Conditions for Collective Coherent
States in Complex Spacetime and the Nonlinear Schr?dinger Equation, in preparation - N. Haramein, E.A. Rauscher & R.L. Amoroso 2006, Hamiltonian Approach to Standing Waves in the
Vicinity of Reissner-Nordstr?m Black Holes in Terms of the Dubois Harmonic Oscillator, in preparation. - R.L. Amoroso & D. M. Dubois, 2006, Emergence Of Generalized F-Theory 2-Branes From Parameters
Of The Dubois Incursive Oscillator, in preparatrion for CASYS07 symposium - R.L. Amoroso, G. Nibart, E.A. Rauscher, P. Zizzi & G. Hunter, Universal Quantum Computing:
Anticipatory Parameters Predicting Bulk Implementation, Part I ? Philosopical Foundations, Proceedings of
CASYS07, D. Dubois (ed.), Liege, Belgium. - Amoroso, R.L. & Rauscher, E.A. 2007, Derivation of the string tension formalism from inherent
parameters of an Anthropic Holographic Multiverse, Unified Theories: Proceedings of the 2nd Annual
Metatheory Conference, Budapest, Hungary, 15-18 November, 2006, R.L. Amoroso, I. Dienes & C. Varga
(eds.), Oakland: The Noetic Press. - Amoroso, R.L. & Rauscher, E.A. 2007, Emergence of a ?Super Quantum Potential? acting as the
guidance principle driving complex self-organized living systems in a Holographic Conscious Multiverse, in
C. Varga, I. Dienes & R.L. Amoroso (eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Metatheory Workshop on
Unified Theories, Budapest, Hungary, 15-18 November, 2006, Special Issue of the Noetic Journal, Vol. 7,
Nos. 1-4. - Rauscher, E.A. & Amoroso, R.L., 2007, Complex dimensional space, Penrose twistors, nonlocality and
consciousness, Unified Theories: Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Metatheory Conference, Budapest,
Hungary, 15-18 November, 2006, R.L. Amoroso, I. Dienes & C. Varga (eds.), Oakland: The Noetic Press. - Rauscher, E.A. & Amoroso, R.L., Conditions for Collective Coherent States in Complex
Spacetime and the Nonlinear Schr?dinger Equation, Proceedings of CASYS07, D. Dubois (ed.), Liege,
Belgium. - Amoroso, R.L. 2007, The physical basis of spirituality: Completing epistemology introduces the ?Age of
Consciousness', in R.L. Amoroso, B. Hiley, and K.H. Pribram, (eds.), The Complementarity of Mind and
Body: Realizing The Quest of DesCartes, Einstein and Eccles. Cambridge: MIT University Press, In press. - Amoroso, R.L. 2007, Consciousness: ?A thousand points of light?, self-organization in an Anthropic
Multiverse, in R.L. Amoroso, B. Hiley, and K.H. Pribram, (eds.), The Complementarity of Mind and
Body: Realizing The Quest of DesCartes, Einstein and Eccles. Cambridge: MIT University Press, In press. - Amoroso, R.L. 2007, The physical basis of qualia: The immanent era of conscious technologies, R.L.
Amoroso, B. Hiley, and K.H. Pribram, (eds.), The Complementarity of Mind and Body: Realizing The
Quest of DesCartes, Einstein and Eccles. Cambridge: MIT University Press, In press. - Amoroso, R.L. 2007, Defining a fundamental context for the cosmology of awareness, in R.L.
Amoroso, B. Hiley, and K.H. Pribram, (eds.), The Complementarity of Mind and Body: Realizing The
Quest of DesCartes, Einstein and Eccles. Cambridge: MIT University Press, In press. - Amoroso, R.L. 2007, The fundamental origin of life: A new look at the teleological basis of complex
self-organized living-systems, in R.L. Amoroso, B. Hiley, and K.H. Pribram, (eds.), The Complementarity
of Mind and Body: Realizing The Quest of DesCartes, Einstein and Eccles. Cambridge: MIT Univ. Press, In
press.
Amoroso, R.L., 1999, A Comparative Study of 10(11) D Superstring Theory And The 10(11) Sefirot in the
Tree of Life Metaphor of the Hebrew Kabbalah, The Noetic Journal, 2:3, pp. 333-337.