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Pharis E. Williams
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Pharis E. Williams (Books)

View count: 1
by Pharis E. Williams

Pages: 467
Publisher: Williams Research
Year: 2011
ISBN: 978-0615447117

This book supplies the details of the derivations by which I arrived at many conclusions concerning the natural universe of space, time and matter starting only from the three laws of classical thermodynamics. The combination of the conservation of energy in the First Law and the Second Law produce the concept of entropy for both thermodynamic and mechanical systems. Entropy is shown to best be described as ?energy that becomes unavailable? as it becomes infinite as velocities approach a universal limiting velocity. The universal limiting velocity required by the First and Second Laws introduces velocity dependent forces that vanish as the velocity approaches the limiting velocity. Systems with constant entropy are the most stable systems that may occur in nature and systems whose mechanical entropy remains constant are shown to obey quantum mechanical equations.
However, the real power of the classical laws of thermodynamics is displayed when thermodynamic and mechanical forces are included in the laws at the same time. The design of steam engines was done while conserving mass which reduces the five dimensional First Law to a four dimensional statement. The five dimensional gauge function required of fundamental particles is dependent upon space, time and mass and produce fields that are also five dimensional and these fields are quantized. The space-time-matter universe may be restricted to a four dimensional universe of space-time by using conservation of mass with the result that the four dimensional surface embedded into the five dimensional universe must have a curvature specified by Einstein?s field equations. Five dimensional isentropic states are described by five dimensional quantum mechanics. The imposition of conservation of mass upon these isentropic states produces a quantization of Einstein?s general relativity.
The gauge function for fundamental particles depends exponentially upon space, time and mass. The space dependence displays the classical long range dependence of gravitational and electrical fields. The short range space dependence is very different from the singular classical fields that tend to infinity as the separation between particles tends to zero. The short range space dependence of the five dimensional gauge fields in non-singular which requires them to return to zero as particle separation vanishes. This new short range space dependence of the gauge fields leads to a description of nuclear phenomena currently ascribed to the nuclear forces and leads to predictions of new nuclear phenomena. The time dependence of the gauge fields shows up in phenomena that involve large time differences. One such phenomenon is shifting of the frequency of light emitted by distant stars as it travels toward the Earth. The first order approximation of the predicted red shift of light results in the Hubble red shift. The full prediction shows that more massive stars may have much larger red shifts than their distance alone would require which would allow for the much larger red shifts of quasars without great distances. The time dependence of the gauge function is shown to lead to a weakening of the gravitational field over time and this, in turn, leads to an understanding of dark matter and dark energy through this time dependent gravitational field. The non-singular space dependence predicts a cosmology with expansion properties without a big bang beginning.
In summary, the book presents detailed derivations of numerous applications of the classical thermodynamic laws with the result that phenomena currently covered by Newtonian, relativistic and quantum mechanics are predicted by these three laws. This is a significant reduction of the number of required fundamental assumptions in the description of these phenomena. Additionally, many new phenomena are predicted that lead to new views of the universe.

View count: 1
by Pharis E. Williams

Pages: 206
Publisher: Williams Research
Year: 2008
ISBN: 978-0615267227

Websites: https://www.createspace.com/3371910

Forward

Throughout my years of education, I heard teachers and professors state ?This is what we now know? when presenting the latest findings of science or the latest theoretical formulation. As the years went on, I was amused by the fact that such pronouncements were later found to be in error when new experimental observations or new theoretical constructs overturned the outdated concepts. However, the scientific community never seemed to miss a beat. Those old ?What we thought we knew? concepts were just replaced by the new ?What we now know? proclamations.

It has been said by others that science has two kinds of practitioners ? those who are ?Keepers of the Flame? and those who truly exercise original thought and challenge the sanctuary of ?what we now know.? The ?Keepers? are very important to science in that they maintain the base of knowledge and transmit it to following generations of scientists. These worthies add knowledge incrementally through extensions of current theory or through more detailed and precise experiment. I certainly do not mean to belittle these folks. They are the backbone of science and without their contributions there would not be a science to carry forward. In my humble estimation, the ?Keepers? make up almost all of the scientific community. We are all ?Keepers? to a certain extent.

However, the earthshaking new directions in science have come from the very few who are the original thinkers. The most obvious member of this august group is Albert Einstein. His Special and General Relativity Theories brought about a revolution in scientific thought that resonates even today. Others ? I would call them ?Keepers? ? applied and extended his theories, but his thoughts remain the basis of all current physics. Such scientists are very rare indeed. I firmly believe that I have had the great pleasure of associating with a member of this rare breed.

I met Pharis E. Williams in 1973 at the U. S. Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. We were classmates in the Nuclear Physics curriculum and all 18 ?Nuke? students had been assigned study offices in room 008 in the basement of the Physics building. While I was studying for upcoming classes, a fellow walked into my cubicle sporting the kind of southern twang that belonged in a farmer?s field somewhere. Willie, as we learned to call him, was already holding forth on the fundamental basis of physics before we had even started our upper level course work on the subject. Our classmates and I quickly learned that this Missouri farm-boy possessed a world class intellect and a very inquisitive mind.

Willie learned quickly that I would take any opportunity to lay aside my studies to hear him pontificate at the white board. I was fascinated by his questioning approach to ?what we now know? of physics. He wanted to start from the foundational assumptions of physics and ask ?Why?? ? Why those assumptions and not others? Had we ? the physics community ? gone down the wrong paths by making ever more ?simplifying? assumptions? Were we ignoring contrary experimental evidence in order to maintain our cherished theories? I was captured by his imagination immediately. I objected to the oft repeated admonition that ?We are not allowed to ask that question? when dealing with certain areas of advanced physics and I suspected that ?what we now know? had serious flaws. Willie was a kindred soul who had better math skills than I and I wanted to hear more.

As we advanced through the physics curriculum, Willie was able to put deeper thought and more mathematical rigor into his developing theory and I was able to follow most of his thoughts and some of his math. As the theory took on more structure and more of our classmates became convinced we were in the presence of genius, we started to campaign for a symposium to display what Willie was thinking. We wanted to have Willie put his work before a gathering of the math and science faculty. As his reputation grew throughout the Postgraduate School, they finally agreed and a symposium was arranged. When the day arrived, I sat at the back of the meeting to observe the reactions of the assembled professors as Willie displayed his command of the broad expanse of physics and math. As the briefing started I noticed that many in the audience appeared to be disdainful of this countrified junior naval officer who had such radical ideas about the fundamental basis of physics. However, as Willie laid out his logical thought progression using all the tools of advanced mathematics, including tensor analysis, the attitudes changed perceptibly. That day, Willie made many converts among the Math, Science, and Computer Science faculties. They were not ready to accept his challenge to the fundamentals of science, but they were convinced he possessed the ability and the tools to cause many to think afresh about ?What we now know.? His classmates were convinced we were in the presence of a true ?Original Thinker.? I remain convinced to this day.

Upon graduation we each went our separate ways as service in the Navy required. I had adopted the view that sailors belong on ships and ships belong at sea. I was a sailor and, therefore, I reported to my new ship and continued my career as a naval officer. However, I never forgot those days of listening to Willie?s theory and tilting against the windmills of science. Throughout the intervening years wherever we were, Willie kept me informed about the newest developments in the theory until that day he called to ask if I would consider coming to Los Alamos, New Mexico, to assist with his research. With the help of a friendly admiral, we arranged for me to be assigned to Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) as a Military Research Associate and I set my naval career aside for a life of research.

My first duties at LANL were to reacquaint myself with the mathematics of the Dynamic Theory such that I could properly support its claims to others. In doing this I started with the three fundamental assumptions ? the conservation of energy, Caratheodory's statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics (generalized to mechanical entropy or you can?t get somethin? for nothin?), and a rule for comparing one system?s mechanical entropy to another?s. If we allow the need for a fifth dimension (and that seems to be the case) these three laws lead inexorably to an expansion of Maxwell?s well known equations of electromagnetism. Once I had convinced myself of that fact, I approached several scientists at LANL and other research organizations to seek their response to such a result. What I found was disheartening. Some responded that ?Mister Williams? theory is too simplistic.? Others said that ?Mister Williams? theory is too complicated.? I even stumbled across scientists who were still smarting from Willie?s uncovering of the shortcomings of the Nuclear Laboratories in determining the yield of certain weapons and the resultant dangers posed by that revelation. I was thrown out of several offices. I have been thrown out of better places. There were also positive responses. Gian Carlo Rota, a well known and respected mathematician from Princeton University and a Fellow at LANL, remarked that ?Mister Williams does not make mathematical errors? after he reviewed the entire theory.

Ignoring the naysayers as suffering from ?not invented here? syndrome or possibly ?I?ve spent my whole career climbing this tree and now you say I?m in the wrong tree?? I took my findings on the road to try and garner funding for research. We were able to stir up quite a lot of interest, but no principal.

One such foray was a briefing I gave to the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) Executive Panel ? the staff responsible for new technical initiatives. After several weeks of exposing the staff to Willie?s theory, the Director approached me and asked if he could borrow my viewgraphs. I agreed and he promised to tell me what he could about their use. A few days later I received a call from him saying that I should watch TV that night and I would understand the impact of my briefing. That night President Reagan was on all channels with his Strategic Defense Initiative speech, later called the ?Star Wars? program. The Director of the Executive Panel called later and said that my viewgraph showing the expanded Maxwell Equations was on the President?s desk as he made the speech. As I returned to Los Alamos, I was floating on the euphoria of hoped for research funding from such a successful trip.

When I returned to the LANL DoD Program office, where Willie and I worked, the corridor was abuzz with the prospect of billions of dollars in funding that would be made available to conduct the innovative research required to meet the President?s vision. Our protestations that the Dynamic Theory was one element of the President?s calculations had no effect on the thinking of the DoD Program staff. They were busy dusting off every unfunded wild and semi-wild idea they had put forth for years and could not be bothered with an unproven theory. LANL scientists were not being irresponsible or un-American. They were just captive to the ?what we now know? philosophy and trying to put flesh on the President?s vision with science and technology that they understood and agreed with. After all, Los Alamos got its start with the development of nuclear weapons and that was one area they understood well. Use of those types of devices and countering them were natural research for the LANL scientific staff.

In the years since, Willie has made several attempts to publish his theory in various journals with some limited success. However, the physics establishment has yet to pay serious attention to the inescapable logic and solid mathematical basis for the theory. This book is a long envisioned attempt to publish a layman?s summary of the theory so that more people are exposed to the thinking that Pharis Willie Williams has done over the years. The Dynamic Theory gores too many sacred oxen of current physics to be considered by the ?Keepers.? It also clearly indicates an inductive coupling among electric, magnetic, and gravity fields, something that needs serious investigation. Read this book with an open mind and the mindset of an ?Original Thinker.? I hope you will be stimulated to think further.

James O. Shannon