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In this paper, the flow of energy in materials is presented as mechanical waves with a distinct velocity or speed of transition. This speed of transition came about through the observations of cold fusion experiments, i.e., Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) and superconductor gravity experiments, both assumed speculative by mainstream science. In consideration of superconductor junctions, the LENR experiments have a similar speed of transition, which seems to imply that the reactions in the LENR experiment are discrete quantized reactions (energy - burst vs. continuous). Here an attempt is made to quantify this new condition as it applies to electrons; toward the progression of quantized energy flows (discrete energy burst) as a new source of clean energy and force mechanisms (i.e, propulsion).

The notion that our universe is composed of scalar fields is becoming more of a fact as we learn more about the nature of the universe. The most appealing fact toward this is the discovery that the cosmos is expanding due to vacuum or dark energy. Cosmological expansion presents itself as a fifth force. In this paper, fifth force models are developed base on the Chameleon scalar field model presented by Khoury and Weltman that presents an alternate means of acquiring the same force results as attainable from the standard Newtonian force models. These models are incomplete, but with further development, could lead others to develop force producing devices using unforeseen methods not visible under current models.

In this paper, the local fifth force model developed by the author (Robertson, 2009) for a static mass density is extended to time varying mass densities. The time varying mass density model allows for field-force effects due to the time variance of an object's mass density and uses a concept know to electrical engineers as ?Time Dilation and Retardation.? Time dilation and retardation (TDR) is used to describe the time delay effect on the ambient Chameleon field due to the changing of an object's mass density. From this, hot-gas rocket equations are developed from the integration of the local fifth force and the TDR equations.

The EM Field momentum model previous looked at by the author (Robertson, 2008) and the EMDrive (Shawyer, 2008) are discussed in light of the time-varying density model.

When the high Tc superconductor Y-Ba-Cu-O is cooled with liquid nitrogen, the conduction holes form a macroscopic collective or entangled state. While collective effects have been observed with radiation energies up to 5 eV, no high-sensitivity experiments have previously been carried out to search for comparable effects with MeV radiation. Here an experiment using a pair of scintillation counters arranged to search for changes in the natural background of high energy radiation adjacent to a warm and cold Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductor is described. The experiment showed a shift toward higher pulse heights when the SC was cooled, with a 4 standard deviation excess of 9.12?2.28 events/ksec over the range of 0 to 18 MeV. The net difference spectrum shows a 5.5 standard deviation excess signal for the range of 3 to 6 MeV.

In Energy Conversion and Management 49 (2008) 436-452.

The EM nonlinearity of the 2000-2001 Podkletnov superconductor impulse experiments was predicted (in hindsight) by Maker and the author in 2002 through the derivation of an impulse velocity equation, which was built on previously work by Maker. This paper shows that this impulse velocity equation can be written in terms of the time average nonlinear impulse thrust equation derived in a 2006 paper by the author to correlate the reported inductive capacitor experiments. The time averaged thrust for the 2000-2001 Podkletnov superconductor impulse experiments and a nonlinearity factor is then calculated. These indicate that the thrust on the superconductor could have been in the Newton range, which is much higher than the milli-Newtons currently being seen in the inductive capacitor experiments.

Many theoretical papers refer to the need to create exotic materials with average negative energies for the formation of space propulsion anomalies such as ?wormholes? and ?warp drives?. However, little hope is given for the existence of such material to resolve its creation for such use. From the standpoint that non-minimally coupled scalar fields to gravity appear to be the current direction mathematically. It is proposed that exotic material is really scalar field interactions. Within this paper the Ginzburg-Landau (GL) scalar fields associated with superconductor junctions is investigated as a source for negative vacuum energy fluctuations, which could be used to study the interactions among energy fluctuations, cosmological scalar (i. e., Higgs) fields, and gravity.

In this paper, an empirical correlation among electromagnetic (EM) impulse-momentum experiments performed by Brito (1999, 2003, 2004, and 2005), Woodward (2004a, 2004b, 2005, and 2006) and March (2006) is developed. This empirical correlation assumes that the dielectric medium exhibits non-linear magnetoelectric effects arising from the interplay of piezo-magnetism and piezo-electricity (Rado, 1975). The modification to the generally accepted electromagnetic field (volume) momentum equation (Jackson, 1999) is derived from Fiegel's (2004) thesis that inside a magnetoelectric, the momenta of counter-propagating vacuum modes do not eliminate each other, in contrast to the other materials. Whereby, a time independent vacuum mode component can be subtracted from the impulse-momentum to give a constant force. This vacuum mode component is interpreted as the nonlinearity of the dielectric medium with respect to the applied frequency of the input power.

Many theoretical papers refer to the need to create exotic materials with average negative energies for the formation of space propulsion anomalies such as "wormholes" and "warp drives." However, little hope is given for the existence of such material to resolve its creation. Non-minimally coupled scalar fields to gravity appear to be the current direction mathematically. Here, the Ginzburg-Landau (GL) scalar field associated with the type II superconductor is discussed as a medium for producing interactions among energy fluctuations, cosmological scalar fields, and gravity during rapid phase transition on a scale of laboratory apparatus. The study of GL fields in superconductor could possibly lead to a source for generating exotic material. An underlying objective of this paper is to show that the approach to new space propulsion engine cycles based on gravitational disturbances cross many scientific boundaries; cosmology, high energy physics, and superconductivity to name a few. These scientific communities are separate and independent, which suggests that a new area within the science community needs to be established before applicable experimentation can creditably proceed.

A review of various technologies discussed by Dr. Robert Forward is presented as a tribute to Dr. Forward, and is based on selections from his writings and those of subsequent investigators. Some emphasis is placed on the new frontiers of space propulsion, power and communication. Many of these concepts and technologies are presented within the STAIF 2004 ?1st Symposium on New Frontiers and Future Concepts.? These range from highly speculative notions to hardware that has now been demonstrated in space flight. Among these concepts and technologies to be discussed are future communications, antimatter propulsion, space elevators and tethers, beamed energy propulsion, and emerging gravity theories and concepts.

It has been shown (Robertson, 2002) that an electromagnetic force density model can predict the experimental gravity like force data reported by Podkletnov (1992, 1997, & 2001). In this paper, it is suggested that the gravitational field-force generated by the superconductor on a test sample would affect the superconductor in a similar manner. Given this assumption, the expected maximum velocity obtainable would be proportional to the applied or induced magnetic field and inversely proportional to the density of the shielded mass, which includes the superconductor. Whereby very large magnetic fields would be required to achieve reasonable velocities for large space vehicles.

Driven by the knowledge that mass-ejection from a rocket engine is a major drawback in the exploration of space, investigations of fringe effects (or abnormalities) in known science and dealing with mass reduction was undertaken. This research, then examines the possible connection between gravity and electro-magnetic affects on the Type II, YBCO superconductor, as reported by the Russian scientist, Eugene Podkletnov. It is suggested that the quantum fluctuations of the electrons across the multitude of superconductor grain boundaries in a properly prepared Type II; superconductors may produce a measurable force on the vacuum that could counteract the effect of gravity, an acceleratory force. Within known physicists, the driving phenomena appears to relate to both the Maxwell Stress Tensor as derived by Oliver Heaviside and Woodward's transient mass theory. As a means of improving this understanding, a simplified laboratory experiment has been constructed using a modified-automated commercial Cavendish balance. The larger lead masses used in this balance was replaced by a system to EM modulate a superconductor. Tests results were inconclusive because at both room temperature and at liquid nitrogen temperatures the application of the electromagnetic (EM) or rf energy resulted in an upward climb in the data.

Woodward's transient mass shift (TMS) formula has commonality with Modanese's anomalous coupling theory (ACT) and Woodward's capacitor experiment has commonality with Podkletnov's layered superconductor disk experiment. The TMS formula derives a mass fluctuation from a time-varying energy density. The ACT suggests that the essential ingredient for the gravity phenomenon is the presence of strong variations or fluctuations of the Cooper pair density (a time-varying energy density). Woodward's experiment used a small array of capacitors whose energy density was varied by an applied 11 kHz signal. Podkletnov's superconductor disk contained many Josephson junctions (small capacitive like interfaces), which were radiated with a 3-4 MHz signal. This paper formulates a TMS for superconductor Josephson junctions. The equation was compared to the 2% mass change claimed by Podkletnov in his gravity shielding experiments. The TMS is calculated to be 2% for a 2-kg superconductor with an induced total power to the multiple Josephson junctions of about 3.3-watts. A percent mass change equation is then formulated based on the Cavendish balance equation where the superconductor TMS is used for the delta change in mass. An experiment using a Cavendish balance is then discussed.

As a Bose condensate, superconductors provide novel conditions for revisiting previously proposed couplings between electromagnetism and gravity. Strong variations in Cooper pair density, large conductivity and low magnetic permeability define superconductive and degenerate condensates without the traditional density limits imposed by the Fermi energy (??10−6 g cm³). Recent experiments have reported anomalous weight loss for a test mass suspended above a rotating type II, YBCO superconductor, with the percentage change (0.05-2.1%) independent of the test mass' chemical composition and diamagnetic properties. A variation of 5 parts per 104 was reported above a stationary (non-rotating) superconductor. In experiments using a sensitive gravimeter, bulk YBCO superconductors were stably levitated in a DC magnetic field. Changes in acceleration were measured to be less than 2 parts in 108 of the normal gravitational acceleration. This result puts new limits on the strength and range of the proposed coupling between static superconductors and gravity.