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The articles Reciprocity of Refraction and Red Shift are reproduced from this book, interpreting basic optical phenomena without regard to assumptions about the universal constancy of the velocity of light.

Today many scientists recognize plasma as the key element in understanding new observations in interplanetary and interstellar space, in stars, galaxies, and clusters of galaxies, and throughout the observable universe. Plasma astrophysics and cosmology, as a unified discipline, cover topics such as the large scale structure and filamentation of the universe; the microwave background; the formation of galaxies and magnetic fields; active galactic nuclei and quasars; the origin and abundance of light elements; star formation and the evolution of solar systems; redshift periodicities and anomalous redshifts; general relativity; electric fields; the acceleration of charged particles to high energies; and cosmic rays.

Plasma Astrophysics and Cosmology is an update on the observations made in radio, optical, and high-energy astrophysics, especially over the last decade, and addresses the paradigm changing discoveries made by the planetary probes and satellites, radio telescopes, and the Hubble space telescope. Over twenty contributors, all distinguished plasma scientists, present an entirely new picture of the nature of our plasma universe with articles ranging from the popular level to advanced topics in plasma cosmology.

Proceedings of the Thirteenth Cracow Summer School of Cosmology on Progress in New Cosmologies, held under the auspices of the Omega Foundation and Apeiron, September 7-12, 1992, at the Physics Institute, University of L?d?, L?d?, Poland.

Halton Arp is the last of the creative thinkers in astronomy today. Being an astronomer, he is always careful to provide his readers with facts to back up his conclusions. This is another good, informative book. - Amazon customer

Physics of mechanics is the only real physics repeatedly proven correct over the past three-plus centuries. It teaches that matters having masses and relative motions produce all phenomena and predicted the presence of matters (aether) to produce all universal phenomena. Changing from long-time failure in finding aether to denying aether concept has led the scientific community to develop and accept religion-like no-aether theories including modern physics and modern cosmology. We have been in an era of religious pseudo-science for a century already. Finding aether disproves all no-aether theories, offers a broad-range understanding of all universal phenomena and the universe. Hopefully, the book will bring the world back to real science.

The book emphasizes the very obvious and real fact that a wave cannot exist without its propagating medium. Therefore Relativity's dismissal of the medium for light wave created the greatest confusion in science and obscured the inherent wave-quantum unity in radiation. The confusion got confounded when Quantum Theory split the wave-quantum unity for radiation and matter into wave-or-quantum duality with precarious support of the Principle of Complementarity. As the first ever attempt to rectify conceptual foundations of Physics and Cosmology, the herein proposed UNIFIED PHYSICAL THEORY (UPT), unifies physical concepts arising largely from the all-pervading and all-composing new real space medium as ?basic substance? to propagate electromagnetic, gravitational and colour waves. It is composed by the new particle ?sharmon? made of two micromost basic elements, positive positrino and negative negatrino. These are named ?cosminos? as they compose all forms of mass, energy and radiation in the Cosmos, besides 'sharmon'. Modern Standard Model based on quarks and leptons, in contrast to UPT?s two cosminos, has over hundred elementary particles, and the Super Symmetry twice as much, making the term "element" meaningless. The UPT is the first and only theory, which describes this basic composition unity in Nature, besides all other observations and phenomena that current theories address. Time-containing and time-free wave equations propagating wave-quantum unity in radiation and matter (unexplained in Quantum Theory) are derived and constancy and invariance to source-observer motion of light velocity (not explained by Special Relativity) are explained. Basic charges (mass, electric, colour), fields and forces (gravitational, electromagnetic, colour) are unified. Dynamic (cosmino-sharmon) structures free from the g and m anomalies of electron, proton & neutron; theory of non-expanding universe and Principle of Null Action are proposed. UPT opposes the concepts of Higgs boson, weak charge, anticausality 'objective indeterminism' of the Uncertainty Principle, creation of matter from nothing in the expanding universe, contraction of actual length due to observer motion, massless photon &c. Predictions on neutron?s electric dipole moment and neutrino mass stand verified. Other predictions are, no particle is massless, no fermion is neutral, and universe is not expanding, since galactic red shifts do not increase exponentially with time. All this marks the beginning, and illustrates re-writing, of realistic Physics and Cosmology.

Arp's new book is a frontal assault on the standard model of the universe, replete with anecdotes and illustrations, including 8 pages of colour plates.

"Seeing Red" represents a senior scientist's personal account of the crisis in moderrn astronomy. Dr. Arp presents observations showing that extragalactic redshifts are not caused by an expanding universe. He crafts up an empirical picture of the birth and evolution of quasars and galaxies, demonstrating that crucial observations have been ignored and suppressed by the astronomy community. Finally, he cites examples of how academic science fails its ideals and potential. - Amazon

Did the Big Bang really begin the existence of all we know? Do we honestly know how the stars (and our sun) work? Can we rely on Newton's Law of Gravitation? According to this volume the answer seems to be "Probably not ! "

Typical subjects covered:
Optical bursters and flare stars * Estorical color change of Sirius * Infrared cirrus clouds * Quasar-galaxy associations * The red-shift controversy * Quantization of red shifts * The quasar energy paradox * Apparent faster-than-light velocities in quasars and galaxies * Evidence for universal rotation * Swiss cheese structure of universe * Is the "missing mass" really missing ? * Superluminous infrared galaxies * Shells around elliptical galaxies

Comments from reviews: "...it never fails to be interesting, challenging and stimulating", New Scientist

This is the second expanded edition of a book originally entitled Subquantum Kinetics: The Alchemy of Creation. Its contents are as follows:

• Overview of the Methodology
• Basic Concepts
• Model G
• The Emergence of Particles and Fields
• Fields and Forces
• Energy Wave Behavior
• The Cosmological Redshift
• Matter Creation
• Genic Energy
• Stellar Evolution
• Electrogravitics
• Conclusion

It contains four Appendices:

• Subquantum Kinetics Predictions and their Verification
• The Differential Number Count Test
• The Pioneer Maser Signal Anomaly
• Areas Requiring Further Investigation

The essence of subquantum kinetics is that the basis of physical existence is process. That is, instead of considering the particles of matter as closed systems, subquantum kinetics conceives only open systems always exchanging particles and energy with the surrounding environment. It also postulates the existence of an etheric sea filled with subquantum entities, the etherons. For this reason it requires an absolute reference frame in space, the ether frame.

In the interesting Chapter 5 about Fields and Forces the author considers magnetism as being due to a moving electric potential field. In particular he calls attention to Ampere's force between current elements, an expression which is rarely to be found in  modern physics textbooks. Instead of that we only find Grassmann's force (based on Biot-Savart's expression of the magnetic field of a current element and compatible with Lorentz's force).  Despite this fact is should be remembered that Maxwell himself knew both expresssions for the force between current elements (those of Ampere and Grassmann).

In his masterpiece, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, Vol. 2, page 174, paragraph 527, Maxwell compared these expressions and concluded that Ampere's force is undoubtedly the best, since it made the forces on the two elements not only equal and opposite but in the straight line which joins them. Grassmann's force, on the other hand, does not comply with action and reaction (the same as regards Lorentz's force). In the next page, paragraph 528, Maxwell said that Ampere's force should always remain the cardinal formula of electrodynamics. La Violette presents many relevant references related with the experimental and theoretical controversy Ampere versus Grassmann-Biot-Savart-Lorentz. In Chapter 6 he presents what he considers as flaws in Maxwell's equations. He also discusses Weber's electrodynamics, a theory developed by Maxwell's contemporary Wilhelm Weber, a collaborator of Gauss.

The author extends the idea of open systems to the whole universe, considering it infinite in extent and probably of eternal duration. He is against the big bang and against the expanding universe hypothesis. He developed these ideas in an earlier book, Beyond the Big Bang (Park Street Press, 1995), and in an important paper, P. A. LaViolette, Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 301, pp. 544-553 (1986), "Is the Universe Really Expanding?"

Instead of the big bang he proposes a tired-light model in which the photon loses energy to the intervening medium as it travels from a distant galaxy towards us. This creates a redshift and yields an alternative explanation of the cosmological redshift. He shows at length that the tired-light model yields a better fitting to the data than the big bang model based on the Doppler effect, in different tests: the angular-size-redshift, the Tolman surface brightness, the Hubble diagram, the galaxy number count magnitude, supernova data and the redshift quantization effect.

This book has a great amount of references, especially related to astrophysics and cosmology. It has clear and convincing criticisms of the big bang. Contains open discussion of relevant topics of modern physics. For these reasons I recommend it to all people interested in the foundations of science and in the deeper questions of nature. Andre Koch Torres Assis, Amazon

From the beginning of time, man has been awed by the sight of the night sky. Ever since, we have tried to probe its depths, fathom it secrets, and find our position among the stars. And so, our search continues still, to this day. Not content with eyesight alone, we invent optical, infrared, and radio telescopes. The development of gamma and x-ray sensors followed. Lately, orbiting satellites are put into service as platforms for our tools all to assist our exploration of the cosmos.

What amazing discoveries are made. This flat Earth swells and becomes a ball floating in space. Earth leaves the Center of our Universe and finds itself orbiting a minor star surrounded by planets, moons and asteroids. Comets zoom through the void past us (some even hits us.)

With amazement, the structure of the milky Way is defined, including us on Earth as part of this Milky Way Galaxy. The scope of our Universe grows, finding ourselves and our local family of twenty or so galaxies sailing along among billions of galaxies. There's more, the apparent staid motion of the night sky unveils itself to expose a massive outrushing in all directions; that points to a violent beginning and an undefined ending.

More mysteries are found. Quasars, the very faint, shining star-like pinpoints of light are found near the edges of our Universe. The mystery of Quasars staggers the imagination, expanding unbelievable amounts of energy, greater than any galaxy times a hundred or more.

Is the Universe really expanding? When the Big Bang Theory was first conceived it looked good - but since then, result after result has gone against the theory. Instead of rejecting the model, as we are told 'real Science' should do, mainstream scientists have continued to invent patch after patch in a bid to save it - but in doing so, the theory has lost its experimental support.

What the author has done here is to go back to the beginning and start again. He follows the history of the Big Bang and the characters involved - explaining at every step how it was done.

He then introduces 'Ashmore's Paradox' and shows that after all these years of searching for the Hubble constant, all they ended up with was something any schoolchild could have found by recalling three very common physical constants from their calculator memory!

Lyndon explains that redshift - originally thought to show that the Universe is expanding, is just an effect caused by photons travelling through space and losing energy to electrons. From this, he goes on to explain the CMB and other observations normally associated with an expanding Universe. - Back cover

The Big Bang Exploded is essential reading for all cosmologists and their students because existing textbooks on Cosmology and Astrophysics contain numerous errors in Thermodynamics and this book aims to correct these mistakes. It will also be of considerable value to students and lecturers in all science and technology, conveying "a feel for Thermodynamics".

The Hot Big Bang Theory postulates that the early Universe was at a very high temperature, and that the expansion of the Universe automatically brought about cooling from high to low temperatures. But the belief by cosmologists that expanding gases always cool down is not true; the free expansion of an ideal gas is a constant temperature process.

The nub of this subject is that thermodynamic calculations on the Hot Big Bang Theory, when done correctly, show conclusively that the theory is fallacious (PART 3). But first it is necessary to show both the basis for doing the calculations and the physical data required. Therefore PART 1 provides the groundwork for thermodynamic calculations and PART 2 analyzes the errors in books on Cosmology.

The book includes extensive thermodynamic calculations for hydrogen and a Temperature-Entropy Diagram. - Excerpted from the Introduction

From Publishers Weekly
Plasma physicist Lerner opens one of science's inner rooms to a popular audience in this headline-making history of time, space and the humanistic sociology of science. Illustrated.
Copyright 1992 Reed Business Information, Inc.

From Library Journal
From Steven Weinberg's The First Three Minutes (Basic, 1976. o.p.; 1988. pap.) to Stephen Hawking's A Brief History of Time ( LJ 4/15/88), numerous science popularizations have expounded the Big Bang Theory for the origin of the universe as indisputable fact. Readers of those books will find this one startling and intriguing. Lerner, a plasma physicist, points out flaws in the Big Bang model and proposes an alternative theory: an eternal, self-sustaining "plasma" universe where electromagnetic fields within conducting gases provide other, simpler explanations for observed phenomena. His contention that the Big Bang is merely a repackaged creation myth is presumptuous, but well argued. To present a current scientific controversy to a general audience risks, on one hand, misleading the public and, on the other, circumventing the peer review process. This book, however, makes valid points in a convincing manner and does neither. Recommended for general science collections.
- Gregg Sapp, Montana State Univ. Libs., Bozeman

The big bang cosmology that is almost universally accepted as all but proven fact by the majority of cosmologists and scientists in related fields, may be in serious trouble. Virtually every book and every media article that bears any relationship to cosmology refers to a big bang that happened 10 to 15 billion years ago. The authors of that material occasionally mention a technical difficulty or two concerning the big bang, but almost invariably explain that those will soon be cleared up by a little more effort. There also have been occasional articles by those of opposing views that point out one or more serious flaws in big bang theory, but those writers are invariably dismissed by the established intelligentsia as misguided big bang bashers. Until now there has been no attempt to gather all of the many big bang problems into a single document and to examine each of those in a consistent, rational manner. This book attempts to do just that. Both the many old, and some newer problems are presented and examined. In addition, serious questions are brought up regarding the validity of the alleged proofs of that theory. That is done in a manner that is readily understandable by those who have a general background in modern science. Initial chapters introduce the topics of relativity, particle physics and quantum theory as related to current big bang cosmology. Standard big bang theory and its flaws are then presented. The newer inflationary version of big bang theory is also discussed. In order not to discredit the prevailing theory without offering alternatives, some of those are mentioned, and one is presented in some detail. This book, is recommended to skeptics who would like to examine some ideas that question the accepted cosmology. Its author, the mother all big bang bashers, is a retired aerospace engineer with a lifetime of scientific background, who has spent several years in research, study and writing a book that might very well precipitate the demise of a thoroughly discredited cosmological paradigm.

Does the universe expand? If it does, then let us prove it, and if so, let us prove how fast it is expanding by measuring the rate of expansion. When dealing in astronomy we should remember all the information we know about the universe outside of the solar system comes to us by way of propagating electromagnetic energy messengers.

Astronomical experts acclaim the big bang theory as the only explanation for the expanding universe. The big bang has problems in that it requires breaking laws of physics. Nevertheless, it has been fully accepted as an actual fact. But! Can it be proven? Peer review and referees claim any other idea is pure metaphysics and has no place in science.

Such thinking equates back to the time of Galileo when it was thought the earth was the center of the universe where the sun rotated around the earth. The idea the universe is expanding comes from the predominate red shift of the distant universe in all directions. The Doppler effect can be an explanation for this phenomenon.

A great advance will be made in astronomy when astronomers come to realize not all red shift is the results of a Doppler shift from receding velocities. This will become quite apparent when they are able to differentiate Doppler from other forms of red shifting.

A good place to start is in explaining the Doppler effect. "A receding body has its light shifted down in the red direction depending on the velocity of recession." We cannot deny Doppler shifting for it does operate according to the statement. But examine the statement. If a frequency is shifted to another frequency it is another frequency and it no longer is the original This new frequency cannot tell us what its original frequency was before it was shifted. Therefore, we would be unable to determine how much shifting had occurred.

What has been explained to us as Doppler shifting still has the original frequency appearing to be displaced to a lower frequency. From this information we can determine how much the frequency appears to be shifted.

Since the original frequency is still present the effect cannot be interpreted as Doppler, because the original frequency still contains portions of the original frequency. There has to be some other reason for what we see other than Doppler. This becomes quite apparent in the Chapter on Time we have presented in this book.

In this book we point out there are other means of red shifting and how to distinguish the difference. We discuss how light propagates and some of the other operations this energy can employ. It requires energy to propagate or transfer energy through space. We go into some detail about this energy called light...