Abstract

The Integer Quantum Hall Effect (IQHE) step resistance plateaus, in a two degree (2DEG) electron gas, discovered in 1980 and the Fractional Quantum Hall Effect (FQHE) discovered in 1982, required low currents, low temperatures and high magnetic fields. In 1988, it was discovered (even at room temperature and no magnetic field) that quantum step conduction would also occur with one degree (1DEG) electron gas in separating point contacts or in necking extrusions. In the intervening years the open questions were: What is the cause of the energy dissipation in the (h/e²) quantum step resistance plateau values, and why are the quantum resistances insensitive to geometry? The answers have now been found using (a previously unknown) electron binding energy, reisitance dissipation energy. The Planck constant (h) is derived from the electron binding energy physics, and thus obtains the(h/e²) von Klitzing constant R_K = 25812.8074 Ohm ab initio. The von Klitzing pair and Cooper pair physics occurs only in the first pair as they bind onto the electron waveguide EWG channel, making the quantum resistance insensitive to channel length.  Only the von Klitzing resistance constant (R_K = 25812.8074 Ohm) is available to make up the quantum step plateuas, thus, the various resistances of the step plateaus are the result of parallel and series combinations of (R_K). These new results are also applicable to the familiar Josephson junction Cooper pair effects.