Overhead Welding from Three Viewpoints
Domina Eberle Spencer
Wallace W. Bowley
Gerard Coutu
Uma Y. Shama
Philip J. Mann
The paper presents a second experimental verification of the validity of the new Gaussian equation for the force between moving charges. Three equations for the force between moving charges are applied to the problem of overhead welding: the Weber equation, the classical equation and the new Gaussian equation. From the new Gaussian equation, it is found that large electromagnetic forces are present which hold the weld bead in place. According to the classical equation, these forces do not exist and overhead welding is impossible. According to the Weber equation, the weld bead is repelled by a large electromagnetic force!
