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The Natural Philosophy Alliance (NPA) sponsors regular international conferences for presenting high-quality papers discussing aspects of philosophy in the sciences. Many papers offer challenges to accepted orthodoxy in the sciences, especially in physics. Everything from the micro-physics of quantum mechanics to the macro-physics of cosmology is entertained.

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Empirical fact continues to be largely ignored in textbooks. Misrepresentations cover several centuries of physics: The readers are made to believe that Roemer's observations of c were not based on the vector addition law c ? v in absolute space; that Einstein's postulate of the Planck frequency for a single photon is true; that Faraday's induction works; that Maxwell's equations provide all answers in electrodynamics; that ?special relativity' is valid; that the wave-particle problem is Nature's fault; that Schr?dinger's ?wave packets' collapsing correspond to observation; that the ?big bang' explains the history of the universe. Paul Wesley has demonstrated the above (and many more) long-standing errors and given solutions in his books. The text handed out at the Storrs conference is his last scientific message, written in hospital about four weeks before his death. Addressing to the misuse of ?belief' in science, Paul Wesley's use of the term ?religious' should not be misunderstood. This was to be our joint contribution to the 2007 conference; we could not complete the text any more. I feel that presenting Paul's ideas without any alterations under his name is a matter of honor.

This paper was conveyed by Peter Marquardt for the deceased J. Paul Wesley.

Review of J.P. Wesley, Selected Topics in Scientific Physics (Benjamin Wesley, Weiherdammstrasse 24, 78176 Blumberg, Germany, 2002), ISBN 3-9800942-9-4, 402 pp. + XXVI, 35 figures, 219 references, US$50.

The force F of induction on a charge q due to a slowly time changing magnetic vector potential A is F= -qdAdtc= -q?A?tc-q1V ??6Ac, where V=v-v? is the relative velocity between the charge q with a velocity v and the source of the A field with the velocity v? . For the Marinov motor, described below, v? = 0 , ?A ?t=0 , ??A = 0 and B= ?A= 0 , so the force driving the motor is given by -q1v??6Ac, and the Lorentz-Maxwell theory, requiring a B field to produce a ponderomotive force, fails.

The permanency of the celestial sphere is a result of a cosmological limit velocity for all bodies relative to absolute space. Neomechanics, prescribing momentus as [], where v is the absolute velocity, accounts for the cosmological limit velocity as c. Local laws of physics must then involve absolute velocities. The Monstein-Wesley experiment confirms neomechanics. Absolute accelerations imply absolute space. Newtonian mechanics requires absolute space. Relativity theories can only be approximately valid for slowly varying effects. The oneway energy velocity of light, having the velocity c with respect to absolute space, has the observed velocity c = c - v, where v is the absolute velocity of the observer, as confirmed by many experiments. The Voigt-Doppler effect yields the null Michelson-Morley result. Absolute time is established by induction from corrected synchronized clock rates.

It is shown that evidence claimed to reveal an irreversible universe can be explained in a steady-state universe. The age of rocks is local. The abundances of the elements is established in stars and novas. The cosmological red shift is a gravitational red shift, the value of the Hubble constant being thus derived. Olber's paradox is resolved by the cosmological red shift. The 2.7 K background is shown to be the cosmologically red shifted light from the farthest galaxies. The second law of thermodynamics is obeyed for local entropy reducing or ordering processes (such as life) by excess high entropy, or chaos, being radiated off into deep space as thermal radiation. The universe is then rejuvenated by the high entropy radiation, or chaos, in deep space being converted gravitationally back into low entropy gravitational potential energy, or order.

The cosmic-ray muon half-life, being proportional to g = 1 1-v2 c2 , depends upon its absolute velocity v v v o o 2 = ?2 +2 v? ? v + 2 , where v? is the muon velocity relative to the Earth and vo is the absolute velocity of the solar system. The sea-level muon flux then depends upon vo through v? ? vo . An approximate theory is presented for the absolute velocity of the solar system vo as a function of the expected anisotropy of the sea-level flux of muons as a function of the celestial direction of v? . A cosmic ray telescope was used to measure the muon flux as a function of the celestial direction. The observations yield a solar system velocity of vo = 359 ? 180 km/s in the direction of right ascension a o = 8.7 ? 3.5h and declination d o= ?1.1 ? 10.0? in reasonable agreement with results reported involving other methods.

The empirically correct classical quantum theory is briefly outlined for comparison with empirically impossible orthodox quantum mechanics: The de Broglie wave cannot represent a physical wave. A wave packet doe snot exist. A single particle wave does not exist. The operator approach fails. The ambiguous complex representation with imaginary number i = (-1 makes it impossible to fit initial and boundary conditions. The arbitrary quantum mechanical particle flux and density are not observed. Bound states cannot be motionless. The wave function is not a probability amplitude. The uncertainty principle with its huge uncertainties fails drastically. EPR demonstrate the failure of quantum mechanics. The quantum mechanical claim of instantaneous action at a distance without any physical mechanism involved is pure mysticism. Hidden variables are not necessary. Claims of experimentally violating Bell's inequality are fraudulent.

A uniformly charged spinning ring is proposed as a model for the electron. Four parameters, the radius of the ring R, the half-thickness r, the total charge e, and the tangential velocity c are chosen to yield the four electron characteristics, the mass m, the charge e, the spin h/2, and the magnetic moment []_e. The model is completely stable under electromagnetic forces alone. The twice classical value for the gyromagnetic ratio is explained. The size of the electron equals the rationalized Compton wavelength, and the frequency of rotation equals the Compton frequency. The model yields to a higher order approximation the anamalous magnetic moment in agreement with observation.

Weber-Wesley electrodynamics predicts all of the usual results of the Maxwell theory including electromagnetic radiation. It also predicts results where the Maxwell theory fails or is not applicable:

1. the force on Ampere's bridge in agreement with the measurements of Moyssides and Pappas
2. the tension required to rupture current carrying wires as observed by Graneau
3. the force to drive the Graneau-Hering submarine
4. the force to drive the mercuty in Hering's pump
5. the zero self-torque observed by Pappas and Vaughan on a Z-shaped antenna
6. the localized unipolar induction observed by Kennard and Muller
7. the result of Kaufman's measurement of e/m without mass change with velocity
8. a nonradiating hydrogen atom, and
9. the fine-structure splitting of hydrogen-atom energy levels without mass change with velocity.

It is concluded that there is, thus, no evidence supporting mass change with velocity. Experiments are suggested.

Poisson's equation for the Newtonian gravitational potential is extended to include the mass equivalent of the field energy itself as part of the source mass. Time retardation is introduced by converting Poisson's equation to a wave equation with a time-dependent source. Neglecting time retardation, about 40 percent of the unaccounted portion of the precession of the perihelion of Mercury is predicted. The gravitational red shift, the slowing of the speed of light, and the bending of a light ray in a gravitational field follow from Newtonian gravitation and the behavior of photons. Gravitational effects are generally smaller than for Newtonian gravitation. There is no limit, such as the Chandrasekhar limit, for the size of gravitating bodies; so super-massive bodies, being admissible, may account for the missing mass in the universe and the origin of quasars and galaxies. The cosmological red shift is obtained as a gravitational effect, the Hubble constant predicted being in reasonable agreement with observational estimates. According to this theory, the cosmological red shift is not a Doppler shift, the universe is not expanding, the big bang never happened, and the universe must be in steady-state equilibrium.

I [Stefan Marinov] carried out Silvertooth's experiment in a substantially different arrangement which simplifies enormously its execution. I obtained in January 1987 the following figures for the absolute velocity of the Solar System and for the equatorial coordinates of its apex: v = 386 [] 38 km/s, [] = - 22^o [] 6^o, and a = 12.5^h [] 0.5^h. This result is in agreement with Silvertooth's result, my own results using a rotating axle, the coupled mirrors experiment and the toothed-wheels experiment, and the result of the 2.7^oK thermal cosmic background anisotropy.

The first order Doppler effect for light propagated with a velocity c relative to the ether gives a wavelength [] = cT(1 ?C v ??c/c2) for an observer moving with the velocity v where T is the period. A standing optical wave pattern established in a closed ring then experiences an additional phase shift when the light path parallel experiences an additional phase shift when the light path parallel to v is decreased by - ?? and antiparallel by + ??. This additional phase shift, when n relative to a monitoring signal not sensitive to v, gives the velocity of the observer relative to the ether as v = []c/2??. The velocity of the solar system relative to the ether is found to be 378 ?? 8 km/sec in the direction of right ascension a = 11 ?? 2?? in reasonabe agreement with the 2.7K background anisotropy and Marinov??s coupled mirrors experiment and his toothed wheels experiment.

Voigt?fs 1887 explanation of the Michelson-Morley result as a Doppler effect using absolute space-time is examined.  It is shown that Doppler effects involve two wave velocities:  1) the phase velocity, which is used to account for the Michelson-Morley null result and  2) the velocity of energy propagation, which, being fixed relative to absolute space, may be used to explain the results of Roemer, Bradley, Sagnac, Marinov, and the 2.7??K anisotropy.

The force on Ampere's bridge with straight ends (a current carrying n-shaped wire frame) due to the remainder of the circuit is derived correctly from Ampere's original differential force law for the first time without any amending factors. The theory is in reasonable agreement with the variation of the force as a function of the diameter of the wire as measured by Moyssides and Pappas1 (J. Appl. Phys. 59 (1986)). The force on Ampere's bridge with bent ends is also derived. These results differ from measurements by 20-30%. However, if a small systematic experimental error is postulated, there is agreement with the theory.

Graneau has claimed that Ampere repulsion between collinear current elements is responsible for the rupturing or explosion of wires carrying high currents without, however, providing a valid theoretical estimate of the Ampere tension involved. The present paper shows that a correct estimate of the Ampere tension supports Graneau?s claim. In addition, it is shown theoretically that no electromagnetic pinch effect exists for a solid metal; so the pieces of wire that Graneau obtains could not have been pinched off. PACS number.41.10.

A wedge shaped piece of copper, the Graneau-Hering submarine, is propelled in the direction of the wider end when placed in a trough of current carrying mercury. Mercury in a wedge shaped trough carrying current rises to a higher level at the wider end which can be used to establish an uphill flow of mercury, Hering?s pump. An explicit expression for the driving force in these two situations is derived from Ampere?s original force law for the force between current elements. Two simple experiments are proposed to test the theory quantitatively.

Wilhelm Weber?s law for the force between moving charges satisfies Newton?s third law, the conservation of energy, and yields Ampere?s original empirical law for the force between current elements. Weber?s law predicts the observed force between two closed current loops. It yields the observed temporal and motional electromagnetic induction. It yields the observed force on Ampere?s bridge. The electromagnetic field appropriate for the Weber force law is derived. This Weber field is then extended to rapidly varying effects and radiation by introducing time retardation. An additional electromagnetic wave, the "Weber wave" is obtained. Absolute space is included by introducing time retardation using the phase velocity observed in a moving system as predicted by the Voigt-Doppler effect.

Marinov reports measuring the absolute velocity of the closed laboratory using two toothed wheels mounted on the ends of a rotating shaft. Light incident on the first toothed wheel is chopped. As it arrives at the second toothed wheel later, due to the finite time it takes light to travel down the shaft, it is again chopped by the second toothed wheel. The amount of light that gets through measures the oneway time-of-flight velocity of light in the direction of the shaft. By directly comparing the results for beams travelling in opposite directions the absolute velocity is directly measured, v = [(c + v) - (c - v)]/2. He reports the absolute velocity of the solar system as v = 360 [] 40 km/sec, a = 12 [] 1^h, [] - 24 [] 7^o, in agreement with the results from the 2.7^oK cosmic background anisotropy and Marinov's coupled mirrors experiment. The errors he reports are consistent with his experimental setup and procedure.

Voigt's 1887 explanation of the Michelson-Morley result as a Doppler effect using absolute space-time is examined. It is shown that Doppler effects involve two wave velocities: 1) the phase velocity, which is used to account for the Michelson-Morley null result and 2) the velocity of energy propagation, which, being fixed relative to absolute space, may be used to explain the results of Roemer, Bradley, Sagnac, Marinov, and the 2.7^oK anistropy.

Concluding Einstein Centennial, pp. 409-417; article pp. 417-421.