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Gravity modification as a portable nonmass effect is feasible. Contemporary experiments such as High-Frequency Gravitational Waves (HFGW) and Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) require mass to model gravitational acceleration and gravitational waves. A different approach to gravitational acceleration is presented here. This paper proposes that gravitational acceleration on any particle is the effect of the deformation of the shape and mass of the particle due to noninertia transformations present in that local region of the gravitational field. The analytical formulation and numerical integration has led to the discovery of a new formula for gravitational acceleration, g = tc², that is neither a function of the mass of the gravitational source nor a function of gravitational waves; where s is a function of the time dilation present in the local gravitational field. This formula has been tested and verified to be correct in the gravitational fields of the nine planetary bodies in our Solar System and the Sun: mechanical acceleration, and electromagnetic fields. Thus leading to the inference that g = tc² is the generic formula for all non-nuclear force fields. The true power of this definition of gravitational acceleration lies in the fact that it now lends itself to a portable technology, as mass is no longer required to derive acceleration. This new relationship for acceleration describes how an electron moving in a magnetic field causes a force on the electron and explains why the electron velocity, magnetic field, and resulting force relationship is orthogonal. This electron model would be the basis for future propulsion technologies. doi:10.4006/1.3595113

Gravity modification as a portable non-mass effect is feasible. Contemporary experiments such as HFGW and LIGO require mass to model gravitational acceleration and gravitational waves. A different approach to gravitational acceleration, and thus space propulsion technologies is presented here. This paper proposes that gravitational acceleration on any particle is the effect of the deformation of the shape and mass of the particle due to non-inertia transformations present in that local region of the gravitational field. The analytical formulation and numerical integration has led to the discovery of a new formula for gravitational acceleration, g = τc², that is neither a function of the mass of the gravitational source nor a function of gravitational waves; where ? is a function of the time dilation present in the local gravitational field. This formula has been tested and verified to be correct in the gravitational fields of the nine planetary bodies in our Solar System, and the Sun; mechanical acceleration, and electromagnetic fields. Thus leading to the inference that g = τc² is the generic formula for all non-nuclear force fields. The true power of this definition of gravitational acceleration lies in the fact that it now lends itself to a portable technology, as mass is no longer required to derive acceleration. This new relationship for acceleration, describes how an electron moving in a magnetic field causes a force on the electron, and explains why the electron velocity, magnetic field and resulting force relationship is orthogonal. This electron model would be the basis for future propulsion technologies.

This paper reviews concepts and models on how and why gravity modification should work. They have been developed in response to observations of proprietary electrical circuits that can change weight and the author's own experiments with the Laithwaite Effect. Much of the work presented is still in progress; and it is important to note that one can observe an evolving consistency and robustness in the approaches being developed. Gravity modification as a technology requires a new ?platform of concepts?. This paper presents one such platform, reviewing Continuity of Frames of References, Momentum Exchange Bypass (MEB), Time Dilation Transformation Model for Gravity (TDT), Centripetal versus Gravity forces, and basic problems with time travel. Continuity of Frames of Reference is explored. It hints at how interstellar travel can occur in spite of the Lorentz-Fitzgerald transformation limitations. The Continuity of Frames of Reference is an extension or generalization of the Principle of Equivalence; and has four properties, Net Cumulative, Path Independence, Reversibility, and Preservation. The Box Paradox presented in the paper demonstrates that it is our measurement of distance, and not the distance, that is different. Using frames of reference it is then shown why time travel is impossible. In light of Continuity of Frames of Reference, both Momentum Exchange Bypass and the previous Gravity Time Dilation models have been revamped and replaced with an ?orthodox? Time Dilation Transformation model that is consistent with Special Theory of Relativity. A numerical model was developed, and the results of this numerical model are presented. The most important result is that momentum exchange and a body falling under gravity, are the same phenomenon. In Time Dilation Transformation model the particle's shape of its probability cloud is distorted in the presence of time dilation. This distortion of the probability cloud causes the center of mass to shift in the direction of stronger time dilation. The effect, in the presence of a continuous nonlinear time dilation well, is called ?gravity?. It is shown that the error between the gravitational escape velocity and the equivalent Lorentz-Fitzgerald time dilation velocity is less then ? two parts per million. Momentum exchange is the interplay between particle probability cloud compression and nonlinearity of time dilation. Momentum Exchange Bypass is the intervention of the time dilation properties of a collision to ?evade? or misdirect conservation of momentum. The paper presents centripetal and gravitational forces from the perspective of non-linear time dilation and shows that this model provides consistent model behavior. Further research is still required to complete this avenue of thought. It is hoped that this paper will spur sufficient interest to enable the author access to a laser lab, to test photon reflection under a gravitational field. The Continuity of Frames of Reference suggests that photon reflection is just slightly different depending on the orientation of the photon collision with respect to the gravitational field.

Presented at the International Space Development Conference 2007, Dallas, TX

Future propulsion technologies may have the opportunity to ask the question, how far do you want Alpha Centauri to be? This paper takes a fresh look at the effects of Special Theory of Relativity, with the objective of finding new approaches to developing future propulsion technologies. In particular a translocation technology where any distance can be measured as zero distance. Finding this approach requires three steps. The first step is to present a more detailed conceptual rendition of the Principle of Relativity that the laws of physics are the same anywhere in the Universe for an inertia frame of reference. The extended version of this axiom is termed Continuity of Frames of Reference. The Continuity of Frames of Reference has four properties, Net Cumulative, Path Independence, Reversibility, and Preservation. When the first three properties are true, a physical process is said to be consistent with respect to space (location) or time. All known physical processes are consistent with respect to space. However, since time travel is not possible, physical processes are inconsistent with respect to time. The Preservation Property must always hold. If an event occurred, it occurred. One cannot have the situation where a group of observers, within the light cone, disagree about what they observed. They may disagree about when and where, but not what. The second step is the Box Paradox. In this scenario an event based location is measured differently, independent of relative simultaneity. This is not new. The paper, however, presents a new interpretation. It is our measurement of distance, and not the distance, that is different. The third step is to propose some of the characteristics and properties of this future translocation technology. With some knowledge of what to look for, we are then able to focus and direct our efforts in a concerted manner, to hasten the development of this possible technology.

Presented at the International Space Development Conference 2006, Los Angeles, CA

The Laithwaite Gyroscopic Weight Loss is an important body of knowledge that needs to be examined further, because the current research into possible gravity shielding requires spinning superconducting discs. Both experiments require spinning disc, and both experiments claim weight loss. Prof. Laithwaite demonstrated gyroscopic weight loss of a 23kg motorcycle. Laithwaite effortlessly raised the 23 kg motorcycle wheel above his head. His fellow professors specializing in rotational mechanics were unable to discover the theoretical mechanisms for it. NASA's on gyroscopic weight loss did not produce any measurable results. A comparison of Laithwaite's and NASA's experiments revealed substantial differences, thus reopening this issue. This paper documents these differences, and makes available for public scrutiny and open debate Laithwaite's and NASA's and the author's own experiments. Sufficient experimental evidence is presented to confirm that the Laithwaite's Gyroscopic Weight Loss is genuine, and not due to gyroscopic forces. There are threshold conditions that need to be attained, before weight loss can be observed. Laithwaite's and NASA's experiments were on opposite sides of these threshold conditions, thus differences in observed results. Further, two possible theoretical approaches, curvature and gradient, within the context of Lorentz-FitzGerald Transformations and Principle of Equivalence, are examined to explain weight loss. It appears that gradient is a good candidate. Does the Laithewaite Gyroscopic Weight Loss have propulsion potential? More experiments are required to calibrate this behavior as it is difficult to differentiate between gravitational buoyancy and thrust. The next set of experimental confirmations and calibrations are expected to be completed by December 2006. Further research will shed light on whether these results will impact theoretical and experimental work.

Presented at the International Space Development Conference 2006, Los Angeles, CA

Prof. Laithwaite had stated that gyroscopic weight loss is observable, and that his fellow professors specializing in rotational mechanics had not been able to discover the theoretical mechanismns for the weight loss of the 50lb motorcycle wheel demonstration. NASA's work on gyroscopic weight loss, however, did not produce any measurable results. A comparison of Prof. Laithwaite's experiment with NASA's revealed substantial differences, thus reopening theis issue. If a gyroscopic can lose weight , under what conditions is this observable, and what are the possible theoretical explanations for such an effect? This paper uses a structured approach to compare a gravitational field with a centripetal force field to determine the key experimental parameters. These parameters account for the differences between Prof. Laithwaite's experiments and NASA's. The purpose of this paper is to make available publicly, a throught and reasoned, deconstruction and analysis of what Prof. Eric Laithwaite had observed. Primarily becuase, both sides, the yae and the nay sayers have not made their analysis available to public or peer scrutiny. It is hoped that the material presented will encourage others to develop further theoretical analyses and experimental designs, until we are sure that weight loss is or is not psosible. The paper presents sufficient experimental evidence to confirm that the Laithwaite gyroscopic weight loss is genuine, and not due to gyroscopic forces. It then presents a possible theoretical approach to explaining this weight loss, a critical requirement for the development of future propulsion technologies. Two approaches are examined, the curvature approach and the gradient approach. Both approaches are derived within the context of Special Relativity, a body of knowledge that is well documented and understood. Does the Laithwiate Gyroscopic Weight Loss have Propulsion Potential? My current conclusion is that further experiments are required to calibrate this behavior. At this juncture, it is difficult to differentiate between gravitational buoyancy and thrust. Further research will shed light on whether these results will impact theoretical (Ning Li) and experimental (Podkletnov & Nieminen, and Hayasaka & Takeuchi) work.

This paper was presented at the 8th International Mars Society Conference, 2005, Boulder, CO.

The laws of physics are invariant with respect to frame of reference because the cumulative probability density of a particle cloud is an unity for any frame of reference. It is theorized with supporting data herein that time dilation causes gravity and not the other way around. With a stationary particle, it is demonstrated how a particle's probability cloud can become distorted under time dilation. This distortion of the probability cloud causes the center of mass to shift in the direction of time dilation. This effect, in the presence of a continuous non-linear time dilation well, is called ?gravity?. It will also be shown that the error between the gravitational escape velocity and the equivalent Lorentz time dilation velocity is less than ? two parts per million.

In the last chapter of Kip Thorne's book "Black Holes & Time Warps, Einstein's Outrageous Legacy," Thorne contemplates the possibility of time machines and suggests that such machines may be theoretically impossible. I would like to put forward an alternative approach suggesting, that just maybe, our models of wormholes may be incorrect.