A physical geometrical packing model for the structure of the atom was developed previously based on the physical toroidal ring model of elementary particles proposed by Bergman. From the physical characteristics of real electrons experimentally determined by Compton this work derived, using combinatorial geometry, the number of electrons that pack into the various physical shells about the nucleus in agreement with the observed structure of the Periodic Table of the Elements. The constraints used in the combinatorial geometry derivation were based upon simple but fundamental ring dipole magnet experiments and spherical symmetry. From a magnetic basis the model explained the physical origin of the valence electrons for chemical binding and the reason why the Periodic Table has only seven periods.
The toroidal model was then extended to describe the emission spectra of hydrogen and other atoms. Use was made of some of the author?s standing-wave experiments with large toroidal springs. The resulting model accurately predicted the same emission spectral lines as the Quantum Model including the fine structure and hyperfine structure. Moreover it went beyond the Dirac and Bohr quantum models of the atom to predict 64 new lines or transitions in the extreme ultraviolet emission spectra of hydrogen that have been confirmed by the Extreme Ultraviolet Physics Lab at Berkeley from its NASA rocket experiment data.
