Abstract

Experimental evidence suggests that when a torque is applied to a spinning gyroscope such that the torque axis is perpendicular to the spin axis, then an induced torque will be generated in the gyroscope that is mutually perpendicular to both the spin axis, and to the applied torque axis. This induced gyroscopic torque exhibits the three way mutually perpendicular characteristics of the motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field. Applied mathematics textbooks do not however recognize the existence of induced gyroscopic torque as a distinct fundamental force in its own right. Textbooks assume that when a spinning gyroscope appears to be defying gravity, that this can be fully explained without having to recognize the existence of any additional forces beyond downward.

Newtonian gravity and upward normal reaction of a surface. This article proposes a general theory of gravity based on hydrodynamical principles which introduces three additional components that are not catered for by Newton's law of gravitation. These three components link gravity directly with electromagnetism as well as fully accounting for the induced gyroscopic force in terms of the Coriolis force.