Abstract

Studies of the behavior of the electrochemical double layer in an electrolysis cell reveals the existence of a nonstationary Casimir effect due to energy concentration at the tip or protrusions. Pitting and protrusions formed by electrochemical activity evidently provides the means for such effects. A model based on the lightning-cloud-to-land model is proposed to explain the transient process on eletrode protrusion [1]. This paper strives to explain the release of excess heat of electrolysis (the so-called COLD NUCLEAR FUSION) by the dynamic Casimir effect produced by a coupling effect of gas bubble cavities with moving boundaries [2], the torsion coherence of vortex rings, and the spiral structures on the tips of electrode protrusions with zero-point energy. Nuclear active sites with highly directed beams or rays of radiation emanating from radioactive isotopes have been recorded on black & white film from the tips of electrodes by Autoradiography. Considering the scale invariance of phenomena in nature, a quasar model with spiral galaxy structure and extremely high-energy cosmic rays from the center of the vortex spiral [3] is suggested to describe the generation of energetic particles which cause nuclear reactions along the crystal-lattice channels in the electrode metals.