Abstract

The relativistic torus and helix are spiral string elements.  Each of them contains a single-wave leading double string that is wound by a trailing double string propagating along its spiral path with the speed of light.  In the torus, the leading double string follows a circular path, while the trailing double string follows a toroidal path.  In the helix, both leading and trailing double strings follow helical paths.  The torus and the helix have specific wave and particle properties that make them suitable to form the elementary particles and photons.  These properties include a capability to absorb and release energy - a mechanism that sustains the elementary particles and photons.